EducPsych Santrock S-Z

Question 1

A technique that involves
changing the level of support for learning. A teacher or more-advanced peer adjusts the amount of guidance to fi t the student’s current performance.

Answer 1

scaffolding

Question 2

Partial reinforcement
timetables that determine when a response will be reinforced.

Answer 2

schedules of reinforcement

Question 3

Information—concepts, knowledge, information about events—that already exists in a person’s mind.

Answer 3

schema

Question 4

In Piaget’s theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.

Answer 4

schemas

Question 5

Theories based on the premise that when we construct information, we fit it into information that already exists in our mind.

Answer 5

schema theories

Question 6

A social constructivist program that combines aspects of The Jasper Project, Fostering a Community of Learners (FCL), and Computer-Supported Intentional Learning Environments (CSILE).

Answer 6

Schools for Th ought (SFT)

Question 7

A schema for an event.

Answer 7

script

Question 8

Test items with an objective format in which student responses can be scored quickly. A scoring guide for
correct responses is created and can be applied by an examiner or a computer.

Answer 8

selected-response items

Question 9

Focusing on a specific
aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant.

Answer 9

selective attention

Question 10

The highest and most elusive
of Maslow’s needs; the motivation to develop
one’s full potential as a human being.

Answer 10

self-actualization

Question 11

The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

Answer 11

self-efficacy

Question 12

Also called self-image and self-worth, the individual’s overall conception of
herself or himself.

Answer 12

self-esteem

Question 13

Cognitive behavior techniques aimed at teaching individuals to modify their own behavior.

Answer 13

self-instructional methods

Question 14

The self-generation and self-monitoring of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in order to reach a goal.

Answer 14

self-regulatory learning

Question 15

An individual’s general
knowledge about the world, independent of the individual’s identity with the past.

Answer 15

semantic memory

Question 16

The meaning of words and
sentences.

Answer 16

semantics

Question 17

A classroom arrangement
style in which large numbers of students (10 or more) sit in circular, square, or U-shaped
arrangements.

Answer 17

seminar style

Question 18

The first Piagetian stage,
lasting from birth to about 2 years of age, in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions.

Answer 18

sensorimotor stage

Question 19

Memory that holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant.

Answer 19

sensory memory

Question 20

The principle that recall is better for items at the beginning and the end of a list than for items in the
middle.

Answer 20

serial position effect

Question 21

A concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along some quantitative
dimension.

Answer 21

seriation

Question 22

A form of education that
promotes social responsibility and service to the community.

Answer 22

service learning

Question 23

Teaching new behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations to a specified target behavior.

Answer 23

shaping

Question 24

A constructed-response
format in which students are required to write a word, a short phrase, or several sentences in response to a task.

Answer 24

short-answer item

Question 25

A limited-capacity memory system in which information is retained at least 30 seconds unless it is rehearsed, in which case it can be retained longer.

Answer 25

short-term memory

Question 26

Th e idea that thinking occurs (is situated) in social and physical contexts.

Answer 26

situated cognition

Question 27

A temperament style in which the child has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood.

Answer 27

slow-to-warm-up child

Question 28

Bandura’s theory that social and cognitive factors, as well as behavior, play important roles in learning.

Answer 28

social cognitive theory

Question 29

Approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the idea that knowledge is mutually built and constructed. Vygotsky’s theory exemplifies this approach.

Answer 29

social constructivist approach

Question 30

Needs and desires that are learned through experiences with the social world.

Answer 30

social motives

Question 31

The fi eld that seeks to promote civic competence with the goal of helping students make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world.

Answer 31

social studies

Question 32

A grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.

Answer 32

socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 33

Involves problems in language development that are not accompanied by other obvious physical, sensory, or emotional problems; in some cases, the disorder is called developmental language disorder.

Answer 33

specific language impairment (SLI)

Question 34

A number of speech problems (such as articulation disorders, voice disorders, and fluency disorders) and language problems (difficulties in receiving information and expressing language).

Answer 34

speech and language disorders

Question 35

The circumstances in which development is uneven across domains.

Answer 35

splintered development

Question 36

Reliability judged by dividing the test items into two halves, such as the odd-numbered and even-numbered items. Th e scores on the two sets of items are compared to determine how consistently the students performed across each set

Answer 36

split-half reliability

Question 37

A measure of how much a set of scores varies on the average around the mean of the scores.

Answer 37

standard deviation

Question 38

Tests with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. They assess students’ performance in different domains and allow a student’s performance to be compared with the performance of other students at the same age or grade level on a national basis.

Answer 38

standardized tests

Question 39

Tests that assess skills that students are expected to have mastered before they can be promoted to the next grade or permitted to graduate.

Answer 39

standards-based tests

Question 40

A score expressed as a deviation from the mean; involves the standard deviation.

Answer 40

standard score

Question 41

A nine-point scale that describes a student’s performance.

Answer 41

stanine score

Question 42

Th e anxiety that one’s behavior might confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group.

Answer 42

stereotype threat

Question 43

Creation of a new procedure for processing information.

Answer 43

strategy construction

Question 44

Th e process of setting intermediate goals that place students in a better position to reach the final goal or solution.

Answer 44

subgoaling

Question 45

Assessment aft er instruction is finished to document student performance; also called formal assessment.

Answer 45

summative assessment

Question 46

Maintaining attention over an extended period of time; also called vigilance.

Answer 46

sustained attention

Question 47

The first substage of preoperational thought, occurring between about 2 to 4 years of age; the ability to represent an object not present develops and symbolic thinking increases; egocentrism is present.

Answer 47

symbolic function substage

Question 48

The ways that words must be combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

Answer 48

syntax

Question 49

A method based on classical conditioning that reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-provoking situations.

Answer 49

systematic desensitization

Question 50

Breaking down a complex task that students are to learn into its component parts.

Answer 50

task analysis

Question 51

Also called teacher-researcher, this concept involves classroom teachers conducting their own studies to improve their teaching practice.

Answer 51

teacher-as-researcher

Question 52

A person’s behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.

Answer 52

temperament

Question 53

The extent to which a test yields the same performance when a student is given the same test on two occasions.

Answer 53

test-retest reliability

Question 54

Awareness of one’s own mental processes and the mental processes of others.

Answer 54

theory of mind

Question 55

Manipulating and transforming information in memory, which often is done to form concepts, reason, think critically, make decisions, think creatively, and solve problems.

Answer 55

thinking

Question 56

Removing an individual from positive reinforcement.

Answer 56

time-out

Question 57

transactional strategy instruction approach

Answer 57

A cognitive approach to reading that emphasizes instruction in strategies, especially metacognitive strategies.

Question 58

Applying previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new situation.

Answer 58

transfer

Question 59

The ability to reason and logically combine relationships.

Answer 59

transitivity

Question 60

Sternberg’s view that intelligence comes in three main forms: analytical, creative, and practical.

Answer 60

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 61

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure and whether inferences about the test scores are accurate and appropriate.

Answer 61

validity

Question 62

An approach to moral education that emphasizes helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for; students are encouraged to defi ne their own values and understand the values of others.

Answer 62

values clarification

Question 63

Disorders producing speech that is hoarse, harsh, too loud, too highpitched, or too low-pitched.

Answer 63

voice disorders

Question 64

A system for browsing Internet sites that refers to the World Wide Web; named the Web because it is comprised of many sites that are linked together.

Answer 64

web

Question 65

An approach that stresses that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning and that reading materials should be whole and meaningful.

Answer 65

whole-language approach

Question 66

Placing students in two or three groups within a class to take into account differences in students’ abilities.

Answer 66

within-class ability grouping

Question 67

A management style described by Kounin in which teachers show students that they are aware of what is happening. Such teachers closely monitor students on a regular basis and thus are able to detect inappropriate behavior early, before it gets out of hand.

Answer 67

withitness

Question 68

A three-part system that holds information temporarily as a person performs a task. A kind of “mental workbench” that lets individuals manipulate, assemble, and construct information when they make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language.

Answer 68

working memory

Question 69

Vygotsky’s term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.

Answer 69

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

Question 70

A score that provides information about how many standard deviations a raw score is above or below the mean.

Answer 70

z-score