Edward IVs second reign: 1471 - 83 - the sun in splendour Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
what was henry vis official cause of death?
A
melancholy
2
Q
strenghs at the start of edwards second reign?
A
- lancastrian rivals and warwick dead
- dynasty looked secure as he had a son
- delegated local power to nobles
- campaign in france as revenge to louis
- taxation granted
- margaret threat neutralised
3
Q
what were weaknesses of the start of his reign?
A
vacancies to be filled
lost willaim herbert support
needed to take lead on foreign policy as warwick had previously
needed to win support of nobility
4
Q
which rebel was executed in september 1471 after being pardoned?
A
thomas of fauconberg
5
Q
how was edward to blame for the lack of succession? and counter argument?
A
not adequete provisions
division between g and woodvilles
only king since 1066 to not secure his succession
lack of political foresight
didnt recommend a preferred regency
heir and a spare
left his dynasty secure
feuds small and didnt turn any further
coronation was being planned
6
Q
who was appointed captain of calais?
A
william hastings
7
Q
where did henry and jasper tudor go after fleeing in september 1471?
A
brittany
8
Q
how many attainders were issued by edward after he regained the throne?
A
13
9
Q
when did edward issue a general pardon?
A
October 1471
10
Q
who was the former chancellor to henry vi who became a loyal servant?
A
sir john fortescue
11
Q
when did john de vere unsuccessfully attempt to land his opposition force in essex?
A
may 1473
12
Q
why was edward in a better position at the start of his second reign? essay plan
A
-Edward was in a better position than he was at the start of his first reign;
-Lancastrian opposition weakened: Henry VI and Prince Edward were dead. Anjou was captured and sent back to France.
-The authority of the Neville’s was dashed at their defeat at Barnet.
-George Neville, Archbishop of York was arrested for treason on 26th April 1472 in Calais, his fortune of £200 000 was seized.
-Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke and John de Vere, Earl of Oxford were persecuted and exiled
-Law and Order: Edward moved towards a ‘stick’ policy, rather than the policy of consolidation he had first time
E.g. Sir John Paston (a Knight) from Norfolk failed to answer to royal summons to appear before the Royal Council. Edward had him imprisoned when he did appear.
-Opposition to Edward’s rule was quickly quashed: Thomas Neville, the Bastard of Fauconberg, issued a call to arms to the people of Kent to resist Edward in 1471. The rebellion failed and Fauconberg was executed.
-Pardons and Reconciliation: Lancastrians who submitted were pardoned and offered benefits. E.g Sir John Fortescue had held office under Henry VI and agreed to be loyal to Edward.
13
Q
who was reinstated as treasurer?
A
earl of essex
14
Q
what did john de vere do to challenge edward?
A
attacked Marches of Calais in 1472
- Attempts landing at St Osyth, Essex 28th May 1473
- Captured St Michaels Mount in September
- Forescue defeats him, surrenders 15th Seb 1474
15
Q
how did thomas neville challenge edward?
A
Prepared three-pronged assault on London: Removed artillery from ships and placed it on the south bank of the Thames, Most of the army sent upstream to cross the river and come back to attack at Aldgate and Bishopsgate, try to cross London Bridge
- Ultimately failed - Londoners fight back, Earl of Essex pushes them back
- Retreated to Sandwich, where Edward turned up and captured 13 ships
- Beheaded 22nd September 1471
16
Q
what happened to senior officers and lower officers?
A
Many roles, such as those of senior officers and lower officers were given to other members of the king’s household. The four tellers of the exchequer (those who handled the day to day flow of money) were all household men.
17
Q
who had control of the south west?
A
South-West - entrusted to John, Lord Dynham and Thomas, Lord Grey
18
Q
who had control of wales?
A
Wales - Council under the control of Earl Rivers
19
Q
who had control of east anglia?
A
East Anglia - Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk
20
Q
who had control of lancashire and cheshire?
A
Thomas, Lord Stanley
21
Q
who was given control of the north?
A
Richard, Duke of Gloucester was given half of the Neville’s lands. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland’s title was restored in 1470 and he did not restrict Edward’s return in 1471
-George Duke of Clarence was given the other half of Neville’s lands
22
Q
how did edward control ireland?
A
Edward left rule to the Earl of Kildare as he had in his first reign. Out of respect of his father, Richard Duke of York, the Irish caused very few issues as long as Edward left them alone.
23
Q
why was controlling different regions easier?
A
Controlling the different regions was far easier in his second reign as the alternative King had been removed - there was no one for the opposition to rally around
24
Q
why was there unrest in wales?
A
Lancastrian supporters in Wales continued to cause problems, they defied Edward and executed one of his supporters Rodger Vaughan of Tretower.
-Wales was subdued by October 1471 - Pembroke and Tenby surrendered and Acts of Attainders were passed. Jasper Tudor fled in September 1471.
-Edward removed the title of Earl of Pembroke, and his son, William Herbert instead became the Earl of Huntingdon.
-A Council of Wales was set up at Ludlow to control the Marches - Edward’s eldest son (Edward the Prince of Wales) was sent to live there
-The Prince of Wales’ household was run by Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers
-Buckingham resented the power Rivers had in Wales and felt that he should be the dominant power in Wales.
25
how did edward use marriages to his advantage?
Edward's children. 7 of 10 of Edward's children survived past the age of 5.
-Richard (Second eldest son) - was married to Anne Mowbray, daughter of John Mowbray, the Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk died unexpectedly in 1476, Edward altering inheritance laws, arranged for Richard to inherit Norfolk's land even if Anne died childless. (Normally they would only belong to Richard through marriage and if Anne died childless the lands would go to her male relatives.)
-Edward's daughters: engaged to prominent men, the French Dauphin, the King of Denmark and the future King of Scotland. (however none of these marriages actually happened)
26
what was the problem with the beauchamp inheritence?
Richard Neville married Anne Beauchamp (Dowager of Warwick) inheriting her fathers' land - making him the Earl of Warwick.
-When Neville was killed and his lands attained, Anne's inheritance reverted back to her and her children. But as a woman she had no claim to it.
-When Edward reclaimed the throne Clarence and Gloucester took Nevilles lands and titles.
-Clarence believed he should inherit Anne Beauchamp's inheritance as he was married to her daughter Isabel Neville.
-But Neville had another daughter, Anne Neville, who had been married to Henry VI's son, Edward. Gloucester wanted to marry Anne (they had known each other in childhood.)
-Clarence did not want this marriage to happen as he would then have to share the Beauchamp inheritance so he tried to hide Anne.
-Gloucester found her, and they married secretly.
-This led to a fallout between the two brothers, and Edward called them to Council to present their issues.
-Clarence was defiant and declared that while Gloucester may have Anne, he would not have her lands. A division of the inheritance was agreed, but Clarence was far from happy. Because Clarence giving up some of the inheritance, he was given more benefits; he was granted full security for the remainder of it, was granted the lands of the Earldom of Devon (all 18th March 1472) and the was given the titles of the Earl of Warwick and the Earl of Salisbury (25th March 1472).
-Parliament settled the matter in May 1474. The two daughters of Warwick, and their husbands, were to share the entire inheritance and the estates were to be divided between them. The dowager Countess Anne was to be stripped of her inheritance and was declared legally dead.
-It was also agreed that if the Pope did not grant the papal dispensation for the marriage of Anne and Gloucester, Gloucester would still hold a share of the estates, so long as he did not marry again.
27
how was the issue with the beauchamp inheritence resolved?
Parliament settled the matter in May 1474. The two daughters of Warwick, and their husbands, were to share the entire inheritance and the estates were to be divided between them. The dowager Countess Anne was to be stripped of her inheritance and was declared legally dead.
-It was also agreed that if the Pope did not grant the papal dispensation for the marriage of Anne and Gloucester, Gloucester would still hold a share of the estates, so long as he did not marry again.
28
what did the beauchamp inheritence show?
The outcome showed a complete disregard for the rules of inheritance as well as setting a precedent for later grants to the King's close family. But, it also showed that Edward's relationship with Gloucester, was stronger than that of his relationship with Clarence. There was evidently still trust issues between the King and Clarence; Clarence lost his lordship of Tutbury and a new chancellor was appointed to curb Clarence's authority as the King's Lieutenant of Ireland.
Clarence was still a problem
29
what was the problem with france?
Louis XI was instrumental to Edward losing the throne to Henry in 1470 - so Edward looked to both Burgundy and Brittany to ally against France.
30
what was the treaty of chateaugiron with brittany in september 1472?
where both agreed to invade France (but Brittany would pull out and sign a later treaty with France)
31
1474 - the treaty of london:
the Treaty of London was signed with Burgundy after 2 years of negotiations - agreeing to ally in a war against France
32
how did edward prepare for war with france? what was the outcome?
Parliament had promised funds of £100 000 with another £50 000 coming from the Church
-Edward raised a large army, which he joined in Calais on 4th July 1475 to find both his allies had left him
-18th July Edward advanced on Champagne, but France was quick to negotiate - France offered a truce that Edward agreed to.
33
what and when was the treaty of picquigny?
Signed 29th August 1475
-Agreed a seven/ten year truce
-A pension of 50 000 crowns a year to be paid to Edward
-Edward was to leave France with a payment of 75 000 crowns
-There was to be no secret alliances to be made with any allies of the other country
-The dauphin Charles was to marry Elizabeth of York (Edward's eldest daughter)
-All tolls and charges placed on English merchants were to be abolished, with similar privileges for the French
-If either king was to face rebellion, the other would lend support
34
what treaty did edward create with burgundy in august 1480?
Edward made a treaty with Burgundy - in which he agreed to support them if they would pay the 50 000 crown pension if the French stopped paying - which they did.
35
how did edward continue to negotiate with france?
Edward continued to try and negotiate with France to keep the pension and the Marriage of his daughter to the Dauphin, whilst still supporting Burgundy but in 1482 Mary of Burgundy died
36
what was the treaty of arras?
The Treaty of Arras was signed between France and Burgundy -Mary's daughter, Margaret of Austria, was to marry the French Dauphin (revoking Louis' earlier agreement to Edward)
37
what was the problem with scotland in 1480?
Up to 1480 been on good terms with Edward, following the betrothal of Cecily to James III's son, James.
-1480 - Louis XI encouraged Scottish border raids into England
-Edward gave James an ultimatum, he paid reparations to those that had been affected by the raids, surrendered Berwick to the English, hand over his son to the English to ensure the marriage happened with Cecily OR England would invade Scotland.
38
who was appointed lieutenant general in may 1480?
gloucester
39
what haltered peace negotiations with james iii?
the burning of bamburgh
40
how were scottish attacks held off?
-Scottish attacks were held off by Northumberland and Gloucester
41
how did marriage arrangements change?
-In October 1481 Edward called off all marriage agreements between England and Scotland
-An agreement was made by Edward that James III's brother the Duke of Albany would take the Scottish throne with Edward's help
42
how did gloucester take charge of scotland?
Gloucester invaded Scotland to put Albany on the throne, Gloucester managed to take Edinburgh and took charge of James III.
-Gloucester was reluctant to start negotiations without Edward present but he was not responding to Gloucester's requests.
-Eventually Albany defected and James III was reinstated.
-Gloucester ended up withdrawing his troops as far as Berwick upon Tweed, which he had captured back for the English
43
what income did henry receive?
Income from the French pension following 1475 was 50 000 crowns
-Recovered Crown lands that had been granted away through Acts of Resumption
44
what did edward change about the exchequer?
The Exchequer was no longer in charge of managing the income of Royal lands, his officials were placed in control - known as the 'Chamber system' and rents were increased.
45
how did edward act like a merchant?
edward acted like a merchant and gave nothing away - using agents he exported wool in large quantities and made a huge profit
46
how did edward split the black book of ordinance?
Recorded the costs of his royal household in the Black book in 1471-72, splitting expenses between 'upstairs' and 'downstairs' departments.
The book aimed to regulate expenses but had little success at reducing the cost of the Royal household
47
what did edward need to introduce to reduce the cost of his household?
Despite finances improving Edward still needed to reduce the cost of his household - he introduced austerity measures in 1478, known as the Ordinance. It is suggested by some that this did have some success at reducing costs
48
how did edward have tighter administration?
tighter administration: cut fraud and embezzlement; commissioners investigated customs collection; customs collectors better paid; by-passed Exchequer to exert greater Crown control through King's Chamber
49
how did the income increase from crown lands?
increased income from Crown lands: resumption and inspectors to oversee revenue collection; cut household expenses using the Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478
exploited feudal rights: wardship; profits of justice; revenue of vacant bishoprics and other clerical taxes; collected benevolence
50
how did edward try to increase trade?
encouraged and increased trade: provided political stability and promoted trade treaties; Crown involvement in expansion of wool trade
51
how did edward boost extraordinary income?
boosted 'extraordinary' income through parliamentary taxation to finance war (e.g. 1473); subsidy for war with France; received pension from Picquigny (1475); took loans from merchants and the wealthy.
52
what were the limitations of the revenue of crown estates and customs?
insufficient for King to 'live off his own'; enforced austerity, e.g. household cuts (weakening expectations of monarchy)
parliamentary income unreliable; directly-assessed subsidy of 1472-3 viewed with suspicion by parliament (only half expected revenue collected); finances insufficient to have been able to cope with another French war
53
what was the great slump and how did it impact edward?
finances weakened by gifts to nobility and international trade variable; the 'Great Slump' which had begun before the period of wars continued to c1480; smaller trades fluctuated more than the staples; Hanseatic trade affected by dispute with Edward IV to 1475, although expanded after this
despite improvements, there was no clear accounting and 15th century problems of communication and an administration reliant on local gentry meant not all Crown finance saw its way to the royal coffers.
54
what were trade improvements under edwards second reign?
Trade treaties were signed with the Hanseatic league (1473-4), Brittany (1472), France (1475) and Burgundy (1478)
Piracy was reduced - by 1483 Pirate attacks had become a very rare occurrence
There was also a general upturn in European trade in the 1470s following the Great Slump
Between 1459 and 1462 the exports of wool fell to their lowest levels in the entire century, from 8,000 sacks (estimate) of wool a year to only 5,000 sacks of wool a year.
By 1465-1469 the average number of sacks exported per year rose to around 9,000.
55
how did the protection of calais support trade?
HL Grey said this upturn was through the Yorkist policy of protecting the security of Calais, which became a safe place for English merchants on the mainland.
The return of the civil war in 1471 did not have as drastic an affect, but it still had some impact - returning to the export levels of 1450. Following 1471 the trade quickly recovered to around 10,000 sacks per year.
56
give an example of merchants who fully recovered from the slump?
(traded cloth) had fully recovered from the slump and were more prosperous than ever.
57
give an example of merchants who didnt thrive?
But not all guilds thrived, 'The Company of the Staple' (traded wool) had been declining for more than a century.
The Staplers bitterly resented any expansion of alternative methods of exporting wool as they controlled trade through Calais, but Edward had given permission for a number of Italian merchants to take wool straight to Italy by Gibralter.
58
how did the hanseatic league influence trade?
The Hanseatic league had also pushed the Staplers out of trade in North Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, yet continued to have high privileges in England including exemption from customs duties even though all English merchants had to pay them
59
how did people feel about alien merchants?
Alien merchants and residents in England were generally unpopular - there were examples of violence against them
January 1483 London merchants were told the king was displeased with violence towards the Dutch but it did not prevent the English from trying to restrict their rights in other ways. Pressuring parliament to introduce a poll tax on alien residents
60
how did england rely on foreign trade?
However England relied on foreign trade - they needed to sell wool and cloth to Europe, and they needed to import corn, timber and tar which could not be sourced from other places and the Hanse controlled trade in Northern Europe so Edward was reluctant to push them away.
61
how was edward personally involved in trade?
Edward continued to be involved in trade, often using royal ships as commercial charter vessels when they weren't in use.
62
give examples of edward being innovative with trade?
1483 - granted a licence to two Italians, to introduce 20 craftsmen into England to instruct the English in new methods of finishing and dyeing cloth.
1474 - In Bristol he offered rewards for anyone who would build a new ship
He also wanted to explore new markets for English commerce, he encouraged his merchants to break into the trade on the North Africa coast. He even appealed to the Pope to authorise English trade in the region, after the Portugese back lash.
Summer 1480, he granted a 3 year licence to three Bristol Merchants to trade for 3 years 'in any parts' - it is believed this resulted in the discovery of American in 1481
He also used 'wafting' which is often credited to Henry VII, but was used by Edward. This is when Royal ships were used to protect merchant ships, this was used between 1474-5 with wool fleets to Calais
63
how did edward rely on loans from merchants?
often London merchants.
He kept the merchants in his favour, he kept court in the capital, unlike Henry VI who neglected London.
He allowed them the rights to impose taxes on oreign merchants, except the German Hanseatic league.
He knighted 18 merchants (this was not common before)
He involved merchants in parties at court - e.g. 1482 Edward invited the Mayor (William Heyrot a merchant), alderman (members of the city council), and leading commoners to a summer hunting party
64
what was a key point of edwards new government?
His council after 1471 saw an increase in men of lower rank - people he could trust to do a good job. E.g. William, Lord Hastings and Bishop Morton of Ely
Reduced the autonomy of the nobles,
65
how did the government become more centralised?
took control of crown finances
Made the process of government more efficient
66
how do many historians regard edwards rule?
as the one that broke the cycle of 'over powerful noble families'.
67
how was edward less tolerant of those seeking to usurp him?
Henry VI was murdered 21st April 1471. Edward's brother Clarence was finally arrested in 1477 and placed in the tower, he was killed there in February 1478.
68
how did the government stay the same?
The King was always centre of government, surrounded by those on his council. The king's council remained a key coordinating body and was staffed by the monarch's most trusted advisors.
The primary functions of the king's council remained unchanged from the reign of Henry VI
Nobles continued to control the main regions - Edward mainly using his family
69
how did local government change?
Change- Magnates dominated regional government at local or county level, but the gentry ran local administration.
70
how did he rebuild the gentry?
o Appointing crown commissioners to travel the country and support local law enforcement
o Appointing only the most trusted gentry to serve as JP's and sheriffs
o Appointing powerful, local magnates to control particular regions or areas.
Increased the role of the Justice's of the peace
The JP's
Were appointed annually from the local landowners.
There were about 18 of these per county.
71
what were justices of the peace?
JP's were responsible for the maintenance of public order and for implementing the various statutes of a social and economic nature.
They acted as judges, dispensing justice to criminals brought before them by the sheriffs.
Four times a year they were required to meet in Quarter Sessions so they could try those who were accused of more serious crimes.
Although JP's could try criminals, more difficult cases were passed to the Assize Courts.
The assize was held twice a year in each county in England by professional judges acting under special commission from the Crown.
The position of JP carried with it no form of payment, because as those involved were property owners, it was in their interests to perform the role.
72
how can continuity be seen in the local government?
- Local government ran through the 50 (or so) counties in England through the use of writs (written orders from the king, to his local officials). The work of the local officials was checked at regular intervals by;
the senior judges (or justices of assize - these people dealt with serious crimes and dispensed justice in the king's courts, which were held twice a year in each county)
and commissioners of 'oyer et terminer' ('to hear and determine' - these commissioners were given the power to investigate any crime or disturbance thought serious enough or the Crown to become involved).
The two most important senior officials in each county were the sheriff and JP.
73
who were sheriffs and what were their role?
The sheriff was appointed annually from among the local land owners in each county, and was the closest thing to a police officer in C15th England. He kept the King's peace and was responsible for the arrest, detention and prosecution of criminals.
o The sheriff had his own court. He organised and supervised elections to Parliament and MP's could only take their seats if they had the sheriffs writ to confirm their election. The sheriff also had a military role, being responsible for supervising the mustering of the militia (where local representatives of the Crown called up fit and able men to serve in the army [conscription]).
o The role of the sheriffs gradually gave way to the JP's. As early as 1461 Edward transferred the criminal jurisdiction of the sheriff to the JP.
74
what was the anglo-scottish treaty?
Scotland FP: 1474
Anglo-Scottish treaty: Cecily and the future James IV become betrothed
75
what castle did edward want scotland to surrender?
berwick castle
76
when was the treaty of picquigny?
29 august 1475
77
what happens in september 1480?
louis refuses to pay pension
78
how did edward try to use his daughters to secure alliances?
Marriage of French Dauphin and Elizabeth
Marriage of King of Denmark and Mary
Marriage of Future Scottish King and Cecily
Marriage of Maxmilian of Austria and Anne
79
what estates were edwards brothers given?
Clarence given estates in the Midlands
Gloucester given Neville lands in the North, Warden of West March, Sheriff of Cumberland, Duchy of Lancaster
80
how did edward try to deal with the BD?
Summoned R&G to put their dispute before the Royal Council
Tried to plead with G in FEB 1472 but he refused Richard Anne's lands
Surrendered to Clarence - 18th March 1472 - Clarence granted full security in the remainder of it and the Earldom of Devon, also made Earl of Warwick and Salisbury (divided between 2 brothers in May 1474)
81
long term factors for clarences downfall and impact?
Marriage to Isabel 11th July 1469 - Increased power, potential claims, went against Edward
Involvement in killing of magnates - 26th July 1469 - Public dismissal of law and order
Readeption gov - Warwick pledges allegiance 6th Oct - Outlines himself as a traitor
Involvement in 1469 rebellions - April and June - Outlined as a traitor
82
what were short term factors for clarences downfall and impact?
Short term factors for Clarence's downfall and impact
Rumours against Edward - 1478 - Going against the king
Failed marriage alliances - 1476 - Lack of trust, potential to gain power
B-D dispute - 1472-73 - Showed Edward's favour for Gloucester and Clarences greed
Reaction to Isabel's death - 1476-78 - Execution
83
how did clarence react to arrests that edward made over the death of isabel?
Edward arrested Dr John Stacy and Thomas Burdet for necromancy and planning the kings death
Clarence declared Burdet's innocence before Council
84
give a timeline of clarences downfall?
June 1477 - Clarence arrested and put in Tower of London
Jan 1478 - Clarence accused on having an exemplification of his right tot he throne
7th Feb 1478 - Condemned
18th Feb 1478 - Executed
85
how did edward react to clarences downfall?
Question whether are not he was influenced by the Woodvilles
Many deserted him as he had previously been very forgiving
Ensured Clarence was honourably interred at Tewkesbury Abbey with Isabel, paid for monument with effigies
86
how did gloucester react to clarence?
Young son made Earl of Salisbury, Gloucester made Chamberlain, tried to solidify his power in the north and gains the rest of the lands previously owned by Clarence
Became much more respectable, showed no signs of being against the Woodvilles
87
what changes in government did edward bring?
Used patronage to secure support but did not subvert or destroy noble powers
Called parliament infrequently but for longer sessions
Took direct control of finances - made the country solvent
Use of images of the court
Rarely acted alone, relied on household men and his council
Rewarded support
Bypassed inefficient institutions and relied on new men to carry out government functions
88
what is edwards new form of government called?
a new monarchy
89
what issues were there for finance in second reign?
Had a lot of trouble coming into it:
throne in debt by £372,000
royal expenditure of £50,000
Fall in revenue from custom charges
Great Slump still felt
Turned to taxes four times
Forced loans
Benevolences were unpopular
90
what did bypassing the exchequer mean?
Bypassing the Exchequer meant the money when straight to him
Personally involved with management of money
91
how did edward regain land?
Recovery of financial land in 1467 through acts of Resumption
Edward's officials placed in control and rents increased where possible (bypassing the Exchequer)
92
what did edward introduce in 1464?
recoinage of 1464 was successful but unpopular - gained £17,000 in 2 years with this
93
what did edward receive after 1475?
After 1475 he received an annual £10,000 from the French after an initial £15,000
94
how did social mobility change during edwards second reign?
Black Death brought new availability to land, families who survived could increase estates and those with non-landed wealth could buy into land
Civil wars increased social mobility, many climbing ranks through reward or marriage
Higher nobility smaller
Gentry larger
not a new concept
95
what was the role of the council of the north?
Council based in York with similar judicial and administrative powers as the King's Council governed by Gloucester
96
when did edward die?
9th April 1483
97
why was there a succession crisis after edwards death?
Heir was only 12
- England to be ruled by a regency council
- Edward did not outline a clear succession
- Edward's policies only worked when he had control
- All restraints on factional leaders removed
- Made no provisions for preferred rent or members of regency council
98
successes in edwards second reign?
Royal finances
Splendour at Court
Dealing with Clarence
The nobility
Secure of an heir
99
sources of failure in edwards second reign?
Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Justice and order
Foreign policy
100
how was splendour shown at court during edwards second reign?
Grand jousts
More awareness about wealth
Burgundian Court visit
Showed off rich clothes, jewellery and platter
Palace of Greenwich and Windsor
Divine craftmanship
101
how was clarence treated after his restoration?
Clarence was returned to his former properties and given lands confiscated from the Courtenay Earls of Devon
-Edward asked him to give up the Percy properties so they could be restored to the family
-Clarence was resentful of the favour that Edward showed Gloucester
-in response, Edward transferred the lands of the earldom of Richmond from Gloucester to Clarence
102
why was there conflict with clarence and the woodvilles?
-Clarence resented Anthony, Earl Rivers and his growing influence at court
-blamed the queen for the denial of the Burgundian marriage
the queen was convinced that Clarence was conspiring against the succession of her son
103
why was clarence resentful towards the crown?
Edward increasingly favoured Gloucester at the expense of Clarence
-the outcome of the Beauchamp dispute
-Edward's rejection of Clarence's marriage proposals
104
what was the action that prompted edward to take action?
-in April 1477, Clarence arrested Ankarette Twynho, John Thursby and Roger Tocotes, accusing them of poisoning his wife Isabel, who had died in December 1476
-he packed the jury and all three were found guilty
-the first two were executed while Tocotes managed to escape
how did Edward take action against Clarence?
he arrested and tortured Oxford academic Dr John Stacy, who was accused along with Clarence's servant, Thomas Burdet, of necromancy and planning the king's death
-Clarence proclaimed Burdet's innocence before the King's Council and Edward had his brother arrested in June 1477, sending him to the tower of London
-from this time, EIV hesitated but in Jan 1478, Parliament took action, levelling several accusations against him
-he was attainted for treason and condemned on 7th February 1478
-he was executed 10 days later, Edward causing the delay until the HoC demanded justice
105
what charges were put against clarence in the attainder?
securing a certified copy of his nomination as heir to the throne and keeping it a secret
-spreading rumours of EIV's illegitimacy
-encouraging his servants to rebel
-the murder of Ankarette Twynho
106
how did he use patronage in his second reign?
used patronage in a way so that many mebers of the nobilty owned their position directly to the king but without subverting or destroying the power of the nobility
107
what is remarkable about edwards death?
he was the first of any of his immediate family to die a natural, peaceful death in his bed
108
how did his relationship with the nobility change?
Used trusted supporter policy
Trusted people controlled large regions
Increased loyalty than first reign
Excluded high ranking nobles local power
Increased royal authority
Opened Council of Wales Anthony Woodville
109
what was a major concern about the woodvilles growing power?
The Woodvilles, including Thomas Grey (Marquess of Dorset), were granted significant titles, lands, and wardships, leading to fears they would become the wealthiest magnates in England.
110
how did factional rivalries manifest?
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and Lord Hastings allied against the Woodvilles, united by shared goals in foreign policy and their disdain for Earl Rivers and Marquess of Dorset
111
what rumours arose about the woodvilles?
it was falsely rumoured that Earl Rivers and the Marquess of Dorset planned to betray Calais to the French, reflecting widespread unpopularity.
112
how did clarences death divide the yorkist court?
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, blamed Earl Rivers for Clarence's death, further intensifying the factional hostility against the Woodvilles.
113
what was edwards approach to wales?
Edward reduced the influence of the Herbert family in South Wales and the Welsh Marches.
He established Prince Edward's Welsh Council to ensure the marcher lords performed their duties to royal satisfaction.
114
what actions did the woodvilles take after edwards death?
They pushed for Edward V's immediate coronation and sought control of the regency council.
Queen Elizabeth fled to Westminster Abbey with her children to seek sanctuary when Gloucester seized power.
115
how did edward secure his succession during his second reign?
Had two sons
Argue that he left the succession secure
Unforeseen Richard offensive
But he may have given him too much power
He may have allowed the feuds to grow
116
what was wrong with foreign policy during the second reign?
1475 taxation for war in France
Failed campaign by Brittany and Burgundy
1475 Treaty of Picquigny
7 year truce and marriage, large payments
Financial gains through this
Finally peace with France
Scottish border raids in 1480
Failed campaign in 1482 to depose James III
Maintenance paid to Berwick £10,000 yearly
No aid for Burgundian French campaign
Burgundy Treaty with France
France broke Treaty with England
117
how was clarence to blame for his own downfall?
supported thomas burdet, kidnapped anne, unhappy with appeasement, hanged ankarette twynho, dislike of woodvilles, anne neville, denied a second marriage
(edward allowed this)
