Effectiveness Civil Rights Campaigns Flashcards
(20 cards)
Intro
Knowledge
- after 1945, movement active in campaigning to improve lives.
- CRM methods mainly pacifist, intended to bring equality to black Americans.
- also more radical campaigners.
- mass movement focused on solving the problems faced by black Americans.
- end to racial discrimination and to achieve social, economic and political equality.
Factors
Many factors that contributed to the improvement in some areas of black American lives.
- role of Martin Luther King and SCLC
- changes in federal policy and the resultant social, economic and political equality.
- role of groups such as NAACP/CORE and rise of black radical movements.
Signpost
Only partially resulted in significant improvements in the lives of black Americans.
Knowledge
NAACP AND CORE
CORE organised sit ins. During February 1960, four black students sat at the white only counter and were refused service but remained sitting until closing. Returned following day backed with supporters and remained sitting despite attacks from whites. By end of the year over 700,000 protesters had participated in sit ins across the country.
Analysis
NAACP AND CORE
(Sit ins)
Gained national publicity and admiration for courage perseverance and commitment.
Many lunch counters in the south became desegregated
Analysis plus
NAACP AND CORE
(Sit ins)
And evaluation
Sit ins didn’t end segregation in the south.
Impact could only be felt on a local level.
Did not meet the needs of the north- still forced into ghettoes where crime and drugs were rife.
Partly- desegregating lunch counters United blacks and whites but still couldn’t vote freely.
Knowledge
MARTIN LUTHER KING AND SCLC
School
Little rock Arkansas
1957- federal court ordered nine black students be permitted entry to little rock high school in Arkansas.
The state governor ordered national guard to prevent them from entering
1000 federal troops escorted them to school to protect students.
Analysis
MARTIN LUTHER KING AND SCLC
School
Donations to SCLC poured in
Desegregation follows after national publicity.
Knowledge 2
MLK AND SCLC
March
Birmingham Alabama March 1963
MLK described as most segregated city in America
Demonstration organised led by school children
Achieved massive publicity due to brutality of white police officers.
MLK used sympathy to his advantage.
Analysis
MLK AND SCLC
March
Use of water cannon put pressure on Kennedy to end segregation.
Achieved federal support.
Pres. Kennedy end to all segregation in Birmingham
Analysis plus
MLK AND SCLC
March
Some social needs met but still far from economic needs especially in the north. Still in lowest paid jobs- last hired first fired.
Evaluation
MLK AND SCLC
March
Partly- March achieved massive publicity and public sympathy due to the death of three protesters. However black people were still in poorest housing.
Knowledge
Changes to federal policy
1964 civil rights act banned racial discrimination in any public space.
Such as restaurants hotels and movie theatres
Discrimination would face charges in a federal court.
Analysis
Changes to federal policy
Most significant piece of legislation for the campaign as ended discrimination in public places, work places and charged state governments who ignored this.
Analysis plus
Changes to federal policy
Did nothing to solve discrimination in housing or give black people a fair and free vote. The poorest in society also remained almost always black.
Evaluation
Changes to federal policy
Only partly as act did not end fear. The KKK still used terror against any black person who tried to use freedoms that the act was supposed to guarantee. However, the act did achieve national support (68% of public supported).
Knowledge
Rise of black radicals
Malcolm X did not support integration as saw white society as corrupt. He publicised the increasing urban problems within ghettoes such as guns, prostitution and drugs.
Analysis
Rise of black radicals
Attracted attention to the problems in the city.
Rise of radicals suggests peaceful movement not meeting needs of all black Americans.
Analysis plus
Rise of black radicals
Assassination of Malcolm X meant north lost most prominent voice. Divided movement further, discredited civil rights campaign, lost white support, perceived as racist.
Evaluation
Rise of black radicals
Partly, as negative tv coverage of radical movement, lost support for civil rights. But, did bring the issue of civil rights to crisis point.
