Egypt 1882-1914 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Lord Cromer?

A

Consul General 1883-1907 and was a strong Christian

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2
Q

What was a positive impact of British rule in Egypt agriculturally?

A

Aswan Dam in 1902 made half a million acres of desert arable

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3
Q

Describe the Denshawai Incident

A
  • 1906
  • Clash between British officers and Egyptian villages
  • 53 Egyptian arrests, 4 convicted of murder and sentenced to death
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4
Q

Example of social oppression

A

Mass press censorship introduced in 1906 to crush growing nationalism

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5
Q

Evidence of increasing British involvement in Egytian government

A

1885: 100 Britons in Egyptian government
1905: 1000+

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6
Q

When did Kitchener become consul of Egypt?

A

1911

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7
Q

Under Kitchener’s consulship, what happened in Egypt?

A
  • In 1913 a new Legislative Assembly replaced the Advisory Council of Laws and General Assembly; represented rich landowners rather than ordinary Egyptians
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8
Q

What did Cromer’s Christianity lead him to target

A
  • Arab practices he believed to be immoral
  • Stop slave supply
  • Slave ownership
  • Abolished forced labour
  • Outlawed punishment by kurbash (leather whip)
  • Stopped local money lending and extortion by est. National Bank and Post Office Savings Bank
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9
Q

By 1907, Egypt was…

A
  • …better irrigated, more justly taxed and financially healthier
  • Over 10 years, cotton and sugar exports tripled and Egyptian population 7m-10m
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10
Q

Evidence for increasing say in government for Egyptians

A

Egyptian nationalist Zaghloul was appointed judge, Minister of Education 1906-08, Minister of Justice 1910-12 and VP of Leg Assembly in 1913

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11
Q

How did Britain exploit Egyptian resources?

A
  • Rather than encouraging domestic manufacturing, British bought raw cotton from Egyptians at low prices and then would sell manufactured cotton goods from Britain at higher prices
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12
Q

How many troops in Egypt?

A

6000

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13
Q

What was the Granville Doctrine?

A

Established by Baring to allow dismissal of Egyptian ministers who didn’t follow British commands

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14
Q

Initial example of nationalism

A
  • Britain ‘forced’ to intervene in Egypt because of nationalist Arabi Pasha’s threat
  • Hostile nationalist leader Arabi was calling for revolts and if British had compromised with Arabi would have threatened their authority in India
  • June 1882 violence kills 50 Europeans
  • Series of revolts convinced PM Gladstone to intervene and navy is sent to bombard Alexandria
  • Pasha (nationalist leader) declared war but British C-i-C, Sir Wolseley, secured Suez Canal
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15
Q

Egyptian Nationalist Party

A

Formed in 1881 and revived in 1893

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16
Q

How did the British prevent a conscious middle class growing?

A

Rarely offered Egyptians more than 3 years of school and university not founded until 1909

17
Q

What did Gorst do?

A
  • Consul General 1907-11
  • Tried to impose tighter censorship in 1909 but failed
  • Gorst brought more Egyptians into responsible gov positions to weaken Egyptian National Party
18
Q

After the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, how was power dispersed?

A

Gladstone reinstalled Tefwiq as puppet ruler but Lord Baring appointed as Consul-G and as ‘adviser’ to the Khedive

19
Q

How did things improve for Egyptians socially?

A

British legislated to deal with health and welfare of factory workers