Eight Principles

Question 1

Define Syndrome

Answer 1

pathological summary of location, cause, nature

Question 2

Differentiate Locations

Answer 2

Space: HT, KD, bone, mouth, tendon, great yang meridian

Level: defensive qi, nutritive level, blood, lower burner, middle burner

Question 3

Differentiate Cause/Nature

Answer 3

Abstract: heat, cold, yin, yang, excessive, deficiency

Concrete: water retention, food retention, blood stasis, dampness

Question 4

2 things that’s included in the Space Location?

Answer 4

1. Zang-Fu organs/internal organs
2. Meridians/channels

Question 5

Summarize the 8 Principles

Answer 5

Exterior/Interior: location of the disease
Heat/Cold: nature of the disease
Excessive/Def: pathological change of disease
Yin/Yang: category of disease

Question 6

What is Exterior Syndrome?

Answer 6

Invasion of 6 pathogenic factors. Enters through mouth, nose, skin. This is the early stage of exterior disease

Question 7

Clinical Manifestations of Exterior Syndrome?

Answer 7

1. Fever
2. Aversion to Cold
3. Aching head/body
4. Thin tongue coating
5. Floating pulse

Question 8

Exterior Cold/Wind/Heat Syndrome requires what?

Answer 8

Requires Wind to enter the body as Wind blows open the skin pores, allowing pathogen to enter

Question 9

What is Interior Syndrome?

Answer 9

Internal organs are affected. Disharmony of: Zang-Fu organs, qi-blood, and bone marrow

Question 10

What are the 3 causes of Interior Syndrome?

Answer 10

1. Failure to cure exterior syndrome, allowing illness to enter the body
2. Exterior pathogen directly attacks viscera
3. Disharmony of emotion, diet, lifestyle, chronic fatigue

Question 11

Clinical Manifestations of Interior Syndrome?

Answer 11

1. Tidal fever, heat w/o cold, cold w/o heat
2. Stomach or abdominal pain, vomiting
3. Scanty coating
4. deep pulse

Question 12

What is Semi-Exterior and Semi-Interior?

Answer 12

A stage that pathogenic factors transmit from exterior to interior. Also called Shao Yang Syndrome.

Question 13

Clinical Manifestations of Shao Yang Syndrome?

Answer 13

1. Alternating feeling of cold and heat
2. Fullness or ache in epigastrium and hypochondrium
3. Blurred eyes
4. Wiry pulse

Question 14

Define Cold and Heat Syndrome.

Answer 14

Nature of a disease. Reflect wax and wane of yin yang in the body

Question 15

Describe Cold Syndrome.

Answer 15

Cold in nature.

Exterior: pathogenic cold invades the skin
Interior: cold attacks the viscera = excessive / yang constitution = def

Question 16

Clinical Manifestations of Cold Syndrome.

Answer 16

1. Aversion to cold/feeling cold
2. Cold limbs, lie curl up
3. Pale bright white face
4. Abundant clear urine, loose stool

T: Pale tongue, moist white coating
P: slow or tight

Question 17

Describe Heat Syndrome.

Answer 17

Heat in nature.

Exterior: pathogenic heat invades the skin
Interior:
- exterior pathogen transmits to interior = changes into heat
- qi stagnation/food retention changes into heat = excessive heat
- yin def, empty heat generates from interior = deficiency heat

Question 18

Clinical Manifestation of Heat Syndrome.

Answer 18

1. Aversion to heat,
2. Thirst, desire to drink cold drinks
3. Red face and eyes
4. Irritability
5. Yellow sputum and discharge
6. Scanty dark urine

T: Red tongue, yellow coating
P: rapid

Question 19

Describe the mixture of Cold and Heat Syndrome.

Answer 19

Different nature of syndromes on one patient, can be seen in Jue Yin (Terminal Yin)

Question 20

What is the cause of True Heat with False Cold Syndrome?

Answer 20

Interior excess heat obstructs Yang Qi > Yang Qi stagnates and can’t go out

Question 21

4 Clinical Manifestations of True Heat Symptoms.

Answer 21

1. High fever
2. Foul and hoarse breath
3. Thirst, like cold drinks
4. Scanty yellow urine, constipated

T: yellow with dry coating
P: pulse with strength

Question 22

4 Clinical Manifestations of Yin Cold Symptoms.

Answer 22

1. Aversion to cold/shivers
2. Cold limbs
3. Unconsciousness
4. Dark purplish face

P: deep pulse

Question 23

What is the cause of True Cold with False Heat Syndrome?

Answer 23

Interior excess cold expel deficiency yang floating out

Question 24

3 Clinical Manifestations of True Cold Symptoms.

Answer 24

1. Cold limbs
2. Abundant clear urine
3. Pale tongue, white coating

Question 25

4 Clinical Manifestation of False Yang Symptoms.

Answer 25

1. Self-felt fever 2. Red cheeks (like make-up) 3. Irritability 4. Large, floating pulse; without strength when pressing

Question 26

When does Real and False Manifestations happen for Cold and Heat Syndromes?

Answer 26

Real Manifestations: Happens from the beginning False Manifestations: Happens during the late stage only

Question 27

Real and False Manifestations Locations

Answer 27

Real Manifestation: Chest, abdomen, fluid, qi-blood IE. Fluid - thirst, urine / Centre Heat - chest, abdomen excessive heat/cold False Manifestation: Superficial level, extremities, face

Question 28

Describe Excessive and Deficiency.

Answer 28

The fight between pathogenic qi and healthy qi. Excessive: predominance of pathogenic qi Deficiency: healthy qi deficiency

Question 29

Describe the causes of Excessive Syndrome.

Answer 29

1. Exterior pathogenesis invades the body 2. Accumulation of pathogenesis production (dampness, phlegm, blood stasis, fluids) due to viscera dysfunction

Question 30

Describe the causes of Deficiency Syndrome.

Answer 30

1. Prenatal def 2. Postnatal def (due to malnutrition esp w kids during developmental stage, affects SP) 3. Healthy qi deficiency due to chronic illness (pathogen attacks the body = body def

Question 31

Summarize Deficiency Syndrome.

Answer 31

Duration: long (chronic) Constitution: weak Spirit: lassitude Voice: low voice, weak breath Pain: alleviated by pressure Distention: on and off Fever: 5 centre heat Aversion to cold: fear of cold, alleviated by warmth T: tender, fine coating, scanty or no coating Pulse: without strength

Question 32

Summarize Excessive Syndrome.

Answer 32

Duration: short (new illness) Constitution: strong Spirit: excited Voice: loud voice, harsh breath Pain: aggravated by pressure Distention: non stop Fever: fever all over Aversion to cold: aversion to cold, not alleviated by heat T: tough, coarse texture, greasy coating P: with strength

Question 33

What are the Key Points to Distinguish False and True Manifestations of Excessive and Deficiency Syndromes?

Answer 33

1. Strength and spirit of the pulse 2. Tongue - body: tender-thick / coating: thick-none 3. Voice - low or loud 4. Body constitution, cause, duration, healing process of illness

Question 34

What is Yin and Yang?

Answer 34

The leading principle of the 8 Principle Differentiation. Yang = exterior, excess, heat Yin = interior, deficiency, cold

Question 35

Clinical Manifestation of Yin Syndrome.

Answer 35

*Refer to deficiency, cold, interior 1. Pale dull face, heavy body, cold limbs 2. Poor appetite, bland taste no thirst 3. Abundant clear urine, loose or fishy smelly stool T: pale tongue, puffy and tender P: deep and slow pulse, weak, thready, choppy

Question 36

Clinical Manifestation of Yang Syndrome.

Answer 36

1. Red face, hot skin 2. Irritability, constipation 3. Loud voice, hoarse breath T: crimson (deep-red) tongue, dark or yellow coating P: overflowing, slippery, or rapid pulse

Question 37

Summarize Yin Depletion Syndrome.

Answer 37

Sweat: hot sweat, salty taste, sticky Limbs: warm Tongue: red, dry Pulse: thready, rapid with strength Ohers: fever, irritability, thirst; prefers cold drinks

Question 38

Summarize Yang Depletion Syndrome.

Answer 38

Sweat: profuse cold sweat, neutral taste Limbs: cold Tongue: white, moist Pulse: thready, tiny, hard to feel Others: cold body, lie curl up, fatigue, no thirst; prefers hot drinks

Question 39

When does Yin Depletion occur?

Answer 39

Happens during the disturbance of water and electrolyte metabolism, high fever with profuse sweating, vomiting, dehydration, blood loss