Eisenhower Foreign Policy Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What year was Guatemala Coup D’etat
A
1954
2
Q
Democratically elected Guatemalan President
A
Arbenz
3
Q
US installed leader
A
Armas
4
Q
What was the leadership under Armas
A
military dictatorship
5
Q
How many men did US train and arm
A
480
6
Q
Two names for US army
A
Counter revolutionaries
Liberation army
7
Q
Name for CIA operation
A
Covert operation
PBSUCCESS
8
Q
What is UFC
A
United fruit company
9
Q
What did Arbenz want to do
A
popular land reforms
buy land off UFC to distribute to landless peasants
10
Q
Arbenz land reform program
A
1952 - Decree 900
11
Q
Names for US propaganda
A
red-baiting
disinformation campaign
psychological warfare
12
Q
What did CIA do
A
Coordinated bombings, anti-govt radio broadcasts
13
Q
How did Guatemala react
A
Army intimidated into submission
Arbenz forced to resign
14
Q
UFC motive
A
Ties between company and Govt. officials
15
Q
Alan Dulles role
A
Head of CIA
16
Q
John Foster Dulles role
A
Secretary of State
17
Q
Dulles and UFC
A
expand overseas markets
promote foreign investments
owned stock in UFC
18
Q
Why Armas
A
no political philosophy
19
Q
What did Journalists call Armas
A
liberator narrative
success in USA
20
Q
Analysis phrase to use
A
anticommunism serves as a pretext for overthrowing a threat to US hegemony
21
Q
What is prophetic dualism
A
Ideological view: world divided into good vs evil
U.S. = good (capitalism/democracy), USSR = evil (communism)
Led to interpreting neutral or nationalist movements as communist threats
22
Q
Prophetic dualism in foreign policy
A
Justified intervention in places like Guatemala (1954) based on perceived communist threat
23
Q
Who used prophetic dualism the most
A
John Foster Dulles
24
Q
What worsened perceived communist threat
A
exaggerated fears
ideological confusions
25
Long term issues
Guatemalan civil war
150,000 dead
26
U2 Crisis year
1960
27
Who was shot in U2 Crisis
Gary Powers
28
Eisenhower's response U2
Humiliated
Tried to deny but evidence survived
Had to take responsibility - surviving evidence
29
Khrushchev response U2
Paris Summit
45mins of abuse
Relations ruined
30
CIA in 1950s
poor operational security
engineered overthrow of Governments
31
When was Hungary Uprising
1956
32
Hungary new leader
Nagy
33
What did Hungary want
leave Warsaw Pact
Cold war neutrality
free elections
34
Hungary's dual belief
Eisenhower liberator
Khrushchev relaxing Stalinist control
35
Why did Hungary have hope
Khrushchev 'secret speech'
denounced Stalin's methods
amnesty for imprisoned
released people from labour camps
process of Destalinization
36
What did Hungary hope for under Khrushchev
(exam wording)
free from Stalinist oppression
possibility of liberal reform
37
How did America give Hungary hope
CIA's radio-free Europe
encouraged dissidents
gave false hope for US intervention
38
Eisenhower reasons for not intervening in Hungary
(pragmatic)
USSR controlled airspace and borders so covert aid difficult
No military presence in Hungary
Peripheral containment more important
Suez Crisis same time
Geographical disadvantage - would have to directly invade Russian territory
39
Eisenhower reasons for not intervening in Hungary
(political)
could divide NATO (focused on economic recovery)
propaganda - narrative of Soviet brutality
40
Khrushchev Hungary response
troops and tanks
3000 killed
200,000 fled to Austria
41
Hungary cold war impact
cemented long term division
froze European battleground - focused on Middle East
42
Ike Hungary achievement
de-escalated and prevented war
43
East German Uprising stats
June 1953
40,000 involved
USSR sent 16 armed divisions
at least 55 dead - could be 10x more
44
East German Uprising causes
Harsher working targets
Federal subsidies on food, clothing - many shortages
45
Poznan riots stats
June 1956
57-100 killed
13 year old killed
46
East Germany status
no diplomatic recognition
lacked legitimacy
47
Ike NATO focus
needed military and political integration to strengthen west against USSR and save money
48
When did France joined NATO
1954
49
East Berlin was a Cold War...
microcosm
50
East Berlin crisis events
Khrushchev demanded USA and allies turn over access routes to Berlin to EG
Gave initial 6 months deadline
Eisenhower called bluff and did not respond
Khrushchev had to back down
51
Vietnam crisis year
1954
52
What battle did France lose in 1954
Dien Bien Phu
53
Ike's inherited Vietnam situation
Truman given $2b to French war effort
Vietnam as bulwark against communist expansion
54
Vietnam communist leader
Ho Chi Minh
55
US installed Vietnam leader
Ngo Diem
56
What was 'domino theory'
if Vietnam fell so would other southeast Asian countries
57
Ike reasons for Vietnam intervention
western alliance benefits from French cooperation to strengthen NATO
accusations he 'lost' Vietnam
advocated 'rollback' but nothing liberated yet
domino theory
58
Ike reasons against Vietnam intervention
domino theory doubted
USSR and China could intervene
New Look policy (limited troops, focus on nuclear deterrence)
UK and Congress opposed (no international support)
Popular for removing troops from Korea
If France withdrew, USA trapped in another war
anti-colonial tradition
59
When was Geneva conference
1954
60
Geneva conference agreements
French would exit
Divided into communist North and non-communist south
nationwide elections and reunification in 1956
61
What did Eisenhower refuse to do in Geneva
didn't sign geneva accords
created new South Vietnam state under Ngo Dinh Diem
62
Stats for South Vietnam
1000 advisors
$1.6b
est. SEATO
by 1961
63
When was SEATO established
1954
64
SEATO aims
security alliance to prevent communist expansion in south east Asia
65
Ike Vietnam outcome success
praised for keeping troops out
66
Ike Vietnam outcome failures
missed opportunity to exit with French
staked American prestige on continued existence of SV state
responsible for future Vietnam war
67
Ngo Dinh Diem unpopular
injustices against buddhists
fraudulent elections
corrupt and brutal
68
What percent of nationwide elections was Ho Chi Minh going to win
80% of popular vote
69
What year did Stalin die
1953
70
How many nuclear weapons were at the start vs end of Eisenhower's presidency
1000 - 23,000 (exponential increase)
71
What happened during the Cold War thaw
exchanged some PoW from Korea
first meeting since Potsdam (Geneva Summit 1955)
72
What was Eisenhower's speech called (thaw)
Chance for peace speech
73
What were the unreasonable aims of chance for peace speech
united Germany
Eastern European independence
74
Why did Khrushchev reject 'open skies'
knew about US espionage devices
75
What year did USA get the hydrogen bomb
1952 (ivy mike)
76
what year did USSR get the atomic bomb
1953 (castle bravo)
77
Criticism of the Cold War thaw
Eisenhower missed an opportunity for peace with Malenkov
78
What did Stalin's death create
political unrest
vacuum
79
When was Sputnik
1957
80
US failed satellite
Vanguard (loss of prestige)
81
Impact of Sputnik
increased hysteria
fear USA was falling behind
82
What percent of funding for natural sciences was from defence institutes
75%
83
What campaign did Khrushchev run
disinformation campaign - exaggerated number of nuclear bombs Soviets had
84
Why did Khrushchev use a disinformation campaign
insecure about US power but knew about fears due to free press - psychologically weaponised American fears
85
Eisenhower response to Soviet disinformation campaign
didn't overreact - knew the dangers of a nuclear arms race
86
What were the islands called off the coast of China
Quemoy and Matsu (closer to mainland China)
87
Who controlled Quemoy and Matsu
Chiang-Kai-Shek (non-communist) Taiwan
88
What did China do in 1954
Started shelling the islands - intimidation tactic
following est. of SEATO
89
Ike's response to China
Had Seventh Fleet patrolling the strait
emphasised nuclear superiority - brinkmanship
90
Democrats criticism of Taiwan crisis
Ike's tactical use of nuclear threats was irresponsible, high-risk diplomacy
91
What did Ike and Taiwan sign
US-Taiwan Defence Treaty (1954)
92
negatives to Ike's dealings with China
extended deployment strains for maintenance
costs could have been used in Europe
short term success but still a risk of escalation
93
US-China tensions
anti-Chinese sentiment after they contravened Korean Armistice by supplying NK with advanced military weapons and training the army
ongoing tensions at the Korean peninsula
94
What did congress pass in Jan 1955
Formosa Resolution - authorised US military defence of Taiwan
95
China response
May 1955 - announced ceasefire
96
Middle-East significance
Western dependence on oil, strategically key to Dulles' pactomania policy
97
what was pactomania
military alliances to surround USSR
98
Middle East tensions
Truman's recognition of Israel 1948 - tensions with Arab dominated state of Palestine
99
What did Nasser do in 1956
nationalised the Anglo-French owned Suez Canal - used revenue to finance Egypt
100
Suez crisis Europe response
Britain, France, Israel tripartite aggression, did not inform USA
101
Eisenhower Suez response
forced them to withdraw
102
Eisenhower reasons for Suez response
keep in with Arab nations for oil, friendship against the communist bloc, avoid association with neo-colonialism
103
Who was Iran's democratically elected president
Mohammed Mossadegh
104
What did Mohammad Mossadegh want to do
nationalise British Anglo-Iranian oil company BP
105
Western concerns of Iran
moving to communism
UK losing influence
threat to strategic and economic interests
space for Soviet infiltration
106
Who backed the Iranian coup
CIA and MI5
107
Who did the CIA work with in Iran
Iranian royalist military officers
108
What did the CIA do in Iran
directed a campaign of Iranian bombings posed as communists
109
Iranian coup outcome
CIA removed Mossadegh and reinstated the Shah
Shah gave USA 40% of Iran's oil
Mossadegh imprisoned in solitary confinement for 3 years
110
Iranian coup US narrative
Cold War necessity - blocked Soviet influence and access to Middle Eastern oil
US citizens unaware of CIA involvement - saw as victory vs communism
111
long term destabilization of Iran
deep resentment
Shah's pro-western policies and authoritarian rule led to 1979 revolt
became an anti-American theocracy based on Islamic fundamentalism
112
Iranian coup real reasons
strategically ensured Iranian monarchy would safeguard the West's oil interests
113
When was Korean Armistice signed
July 1953
114
How many casualties in the Korean war
50,000
115
Korean war outcome
limited war - no nation obtained absolute victory
116
How much did America spend on Korean war
nearly $70 billion
117
How did Ike ensure China agree to Armistice
detonates more nuclear bombs around July 1953
hinted at the use of nuclear weapons, threatened to support nationalist invasion of China (brinkmanship)
118
Eisenhower Korea image
fulfilled campaign pledge - personally visited
prestige on the world stage
119
USA Korea image
gave credibility to New Look strategy - UK gained in 1952
gave heart to NATO alliance - US leadership firm
120
Korea impact on containment
more aggressive and militarized approach to containment - military build up through NSC-68
121
What did China and Russia sign
Sino-Soviet alliance
122
Ike response to Sino-Soviet alliance
believed they were behind communist activity in Malaya, Philippines, Indochina
123
Brinkmanship define
pushing enemy as far as possible with threat of military action without getting into war
124
Brinkmanship criticism
inflexible in crisis
125
Massive retaliation
make enemies believe you have capacity for extreme force if provoked
126
New Look Policy
nuclear weapons > conventional army - cost effective, build up nuclear arsenal
127
Why could Eisenhower get away with his stance on FP
Military reputation - trusted with the handling
128
domino theory
if one country falls to communism, all neighbouring ones will
129
Eisenhower Suez success
prevented it from escalating to a major conflict
credit as an opponent of European imperialism
didn't damage the Western alliance
130
What did Eisenhower announce after the Suez Crisis
Eisenhower Doctrine - USA would support Middle Eastern Govts threatened by Soviet aggression
131
Eisenhower Middle East limitations
Arab hostility towards Israel prevented regional stability
132
Third World countries
both USA and USSR wanted to 'win' the third world countries
