Elbow, forearm and wrist Flashcards by Georgia Leggett

Name the carpal bones.

1st row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

2nd row: hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

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What are the two articular surfaces of the distal humerus and what do they articulate with?

Capitulum: articulates with head of radius
Trochlea: articulates with head of ulna

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What is the importance of the epicondyles of the humerus?

They are important sites of attachment of forearm muscles

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Which fossae are present on the anterior side of the distal humerus?

Radial fossa
Coranoid fossa (coranoid process of the ulna slots in here when the elbow is flexed)

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Which fossa is present on the posterior side of the distal humerus?

Olecranon fossa: olecranon process of the ulna slots in here when the elbow is extended

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Where are tuberosities found near the elbow joint?

Radial tuberosity

Ulnar tuberosity

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What are the 2 ridges running down the anterior and posterior of the radius?

Anterior oblique line

Posterior oblique line

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What does the distal end of the ulna articulate with?

An articular disc (not with carpal bones)

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What does the distal end of the radius articulate with?

Scaphoid + lunate

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What separates the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm?

Interosseous membrane

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Which carpal bone is a sesamoid bone and which muscle tendon is it enclosed in?

Pisiform

It is within the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon

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What is the distal attachment of biceps brachii?

Radial tuberosity

+ aponeurosis merges with fascia of the region

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What is the distal attachment of brachialis?

Coronoid process of ulna

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What is the distal attachment of triceps?

Olecranon process of ulna

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Which compartment are the flexors, extensors, pronators and supinators in?

Pronators + flexors: anterior

Supinators + extensors: posterior

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Which muscles are in the superficial anterior compartment of the forearm?

Pronator teres 
Flexor carpi radialis 
Palmaris longus 
Flexor digitorum superficialis 
Flexor carpi ulnaris

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Which muscles are in the deep anterior compartment of the forearm?

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

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What is the common flexor origin?

Medial epicondyle of the humerus – this is where most of the anterior compartment muscles (esp. superficial muscles) originate

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Which of the superficial anterior compartment muscles does not cross the wrist?

Pronator teres

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Describe the attachments of pronator quadratus.

Attached between the distal ends of ulna + radius

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What forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

Flexor retinaculum

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Which tendon is continuous with the palmar aponeurosis?

Palmaris longus tendon
(palmaris longus tendon isn’t present in everyone + before it spreads to form the palmar aponeurosis, it is attached to the flexor retinaculum)

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Name all the muscles in the extensor compartment of the forearm.

Muscles that move the wrist:
Extensor carpi radialis longus 
Extensor carpi radialis brevis 
Extensor carpi ulnaris 
Muscles that move the fingers:
Extensor indicis 
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Muscles that move the thumb:
Abductor pollicis longus 
Extensor pollicis longus 
Extensor pollicis brevis 
Others:
Brachioradialis 
Supinator

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Where is the common extensor origin?

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

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What can be palpated in the anatomical snuffbox?

Scaphoid (this is often fractured when trying to break a fall)

Which tendons mark the anatomical snuffbox?

Lateral: Extensor Pollicis Brevis + Abductor Pollicis Longus Medially: Extensor Pollicis Longus

Which blood vessel is present in the anatomical snuffbox?

Branch of the radial artery

What does the head of the radius articulate with?

Capitulum

What are the 3 main ligaments found at the elbow joint?

Radial collateral ligament Ulnar collateral ligament Anular ligament

What are the three parts of the ulnar collateral ligament?

``` Anterior band (cord like) Posterior band (fan like) Oblique band ```

What is the role of the anular ligament?

It goes around just under the head of the radius + helps hold the radius in place It allows the radius to rotate

Describe the difference in carrying angle between genders.

Men: 10-15 degrees Women: > 15 degrees

Describe the articulation of the radius and ulna with the carpal bones.

Distal end of radius articulates with scaphoid + lunate | Distal end of the ulna does not directly articulate with the carpal bones, it articulates with an articular disc

What is the name given to the joint between the first and second rows of carpal bones?

Midcarpal joint

``` Which nerves are responsible for: Elbow flexion Elbow extension Wrist flexion Wrist extension ```

Elbow flexion: C5 + C6 Elbow extension: C7 + C8 Wrist flexion: C6 + C7 Wrist extension: C6 +C7

Which muscles are involved in supination?

Supinator Biceps brachii (EPL, ECRL)

Which muscles are involved in pronation?

Pronator teres Pronator quadratus (FCR, PL, brachioradialis)

Describe how the biceps contribute to supination.

The biceps tendon inserts into the radial tuberosity When prone, the radial tuberosity is turned posteriorly So then when the biceps contract, it will pull the tuberosity back around

``` Which muscles are important for: Flexion of the wrist Extension of the wrist Radial deviation (abduction) Ulnar deviation (adduction) ```

``` Flexion of the wrist FCU + FCR Long flexors of thumb + fingers (APL, PL) Extension of the wrist ECRL, ECRB, ECU Long extensors of the thumb + fingers Radial deviation (abduction) ECRL, ECRB, FCR, APL Ulnar deviation (adduction) ECU, FCU ```

What is an important branch of the ulnar artery?

Common interosseous branch | Immediately splits into anterior + posterior interosseous arteries

What are the arterial arches of the hand made up of?

Anastomosis of the radial + ulnar arteries

What is the name given to the space anterior to the elbow? What important vessels and nerves pass through here?

Cubital fossa Brachial artery + veins Median nerve

What happens to the biceps aponeurosis in the cubital fossa?

It merges with the fascia of the region

Describe the arrangement of superficial veins in the upper limb.

Cephalic vein (lateral)+ basilic vein (medial) originate from the dorsal venous arch of the hand Basilic joins venae commitantes to form the axillary vein in the arm Cephalic vein joins the axillary vein at the axilla Axillary vein becomes subclavian vein at level of 1st rib (there is normally a median cubital vein joining the cephalic + basilic at the cubital fossa)

Describe the deep venous drainage of the upper limb.

Deep venous drainage of the upper limb runs in reverse to the arterial supply

What are the two venous arches present on the palmar side of the hand?

Superficial venous palmar arch | Deep venous palmar arch

Where lymph nodes are found in the upper limb?

Cubital lymph nodes | Axillary lymph nodes

Name the 5 subsets of axillary lymph nodes.

``` Pectoral Central Apical Subscapular Humeral ```

``` State which spinal nerves roots make up: Musculocutaneous nerve Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve ```

Musculocutaneous nerve = C5-7 Radial nerve = C5-8 + T1 Median nerve: C6-8 + T1 Ulnar nerve: C8 + T1

What is the role of the musculocutaneous nerve in the forearm?

It has a lateral cutaneous branch, which provides sensory innervation to the lateral part of the forearm

Describe the passage of the median nerve through the arm.

Courses through the anterior compartment + lies anterior to the elbow, with the brachial artery Main nerve to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm

Where can the median nerve be damaged easily?

Elbow + wrist

Where is the ulnar nerve easily damaged?

Elbow + wrist

Where is the radial nerve easily damaged?

It lies close to the humerus in the radial groove so fractures of the humerus could damage the radial nerve Axillary region Elbow Wrist

What two branches does the radial nerve divide into?

Posterior interosseous nerve (motor, deep) | Superficial radial nerve (sensory)

Which muscles of the forearm does the ulnar nerve supply?

FCU Ulnar half of FDP Most intrinsic muscles of the hand

What is the role of the flexor retinaculum?

It holds down the long tendons + prevents them from bowing

What is the distal attachment of anconeus?

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Describe the passage of the ulna nerve through the arm.

Courses via posterior compartment of upper arm No significant branches in upper arm Lies behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus Main nerve of the hand

Describe the supply and passage of the radial nerve through the arm.

Supplies all muscles in posterior compartment of upper arm + forearm Passes around body of humerus at mid-shaft in radial groove Courses via anterior compartment of upper arm more distally Divides just above the elbow

Which nerve supplies the majority of the anterior muscles of the forearm?

Median nerve

Elbow, forearm and wrist Flashcards

(61 cards)