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YR2: Limbs > The shoulder and arms > Flashcards

The shoulder and arms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main processes coming off the scapula?

A 
Coracoid process (anterior- hook)
Acromion process (posterior- at lateral end of spine)
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2
Q

What are the differences between the anatomical and surgical necks of the humerus?

A

Anatomical: between head of humerus + everything else
Surgical: main narrowing of proximal humerus= most common site for fractures of the humerus

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3
Q

What are the three fossae of the scapula?

A

Supraspinous
Infraspinous
Subscapular (anterior)

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4
Q

Which part of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

A

Glenoid cavity

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5
Q

On which bones are deltoid tubercles found?

A

Spine of the scapula

Humerus

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6
Q

What is the name given to the distinctive notch on the scapula?

A

Suprascapular notch

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7
Q

What is the name given to the groove between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

A

Intertubercular sulcus

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8
Q

What are the 2 distinctive protrusions on the lateral third of the clavicle and what are their roles?

A

Conoid tubercle
Trapezoid line
= point of attachment of the conoid ligament + trapezoid ligament (both part of the coracoclavicular ligament)

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9
Q

What are the names of the 3 fossae at the distal end of the humerus?

A

Anterior: coronoid + radial fossae
Posterior: olecranon fossa

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10
Q

What are the names given to the 2 ridges on either side of the distal end of the humerus?

A

Medial supracondylar ridge

Lateral supracondylar ridge

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11
Q

What are the 5 muscle compartments of the region?

A 
Anterior pectoral girdle muscles
Posterior pectoral girdle muscles
Intrinsic shoulder muscles
Anterior compartment of the upper arm 
Posterior compartment of the upper arm
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12
Q

Which muscles make up the anterior pectoral compartment?

A

Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Subclavius
Serratus anterior (runs between anterior + posterior)

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13
Q

What are the attachments of pectoralis major?

A

Medial 1/3 of the clavicle + sternum + costal cartilages

Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus

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14
Q

What are the actions of pectoralis major?

A

Adducts + medially rotates the humerus

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15
Q

Which nerves innervates pectoralis major?

A

Lateral + medial pectoral nerves

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16
Q

What are the attachments of pectoralis minor?

A

Ribs 2-5

Coracoid process

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17
Q

Which nerve innervates pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

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18
Q

What are the attachments of subclavius?

A

1st costochondral joint

Clavicle

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19
Q

Which nerve innervates subclavius?

A

Subclavian nerve

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20
Q

What are the attachments of serratus anterior?

A

Medial border of costal surface of the scapula

Anteriorly attaches to ribs 1-9

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21
Q

Which nerve innervates serratus anterior?

A

Long-thoracic nerve

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22
Q

What is the function of serrates anterior? Thus what can damage to the long thoracic nerve cause?

A

Holds scapula onto thoracic wall

Winging of the scapula

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23
Q

Which muscles make up the posterior pectoral compartment?

A

Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Levator scapulae
Rhomboids (minor + major)

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24
Q

What is the motor supply to trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

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25
Describe the attachments of latissimus dorsi.
Thoracolumbar fascia + posterior 1/3 of the iliac crest | Floor of the intertubercular groove of humerus
26
Which nerve innervates latissimus dorsi? | What movement is latissimus dorsi responsible for?
Thoraco-dorsal nerve | Extends, adducts + rotates the humerus
27
Describe the attachments of the rhomboids.
Both attach distally to the medial border of scapula Rhomboid minor attaches proximally to the spinous processes of C7 + T1 Rhomboid major attaches proximally to the spinous processes of T2-T5
28
Which nerve supplies the rhomboids? What movement are the rhomboids responsible for?
Dorsal scapular nerve | Retracts, rotates + fixes the scapula
29
Describe the attachments of levator scapulae.
Attaches proximally to the transverse processes of C1-C4 | Attaches distally to the superior angle of the scapula
30
Which nerve innervates levator scapulae? | What movements are levator scapulae responsible for?
Dorsal scapular nerve (+ C3 + C4) | Elevates + rotates the scapula
31
Which muscles make up the intrinsic shoulder muscle compartment?
Rotator cuff muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor + subscapularis) Teres major Deltoid
32
Describe the attachments of deltoid.
Proximal: lateral 1/3 of the clavicle, acromion process + crest of the spine of the scapula Distal: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
33
Which nerve supplies the deltoid and what movement is it responsible for?
Axillary nerve | Abduction of the arm
34
``` Describe the attachment of the rotator cuff muscles and state the nerves that innervate them. Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis ```
Supraspinatus: Suprascapular fossa to greater tubercle of humerus Innervated by suprascapular nerve Infraspinatus : Infrascapular fossa to greater tubercle of humerus Innervated by suprascapular nerve Teres minor: Upper 2/3 of the lateral margin of scapula to greater tubercle of humerus Innervated by the axillary nerve Subscapularis: Subscapular fossa to the lesser tubercle of humerus Innervated by the subscapular nerve
35
Which rotator cuff muscle is important for abducting the arm?
Supraspinatus: important in 1st 15 degree of abduction of the arm Then the deltoid takes over.
36
Describe the attachments of teres major. | Which nerve innervates teres major?
Inferior angle of the scapula to the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of humerus Lower subscapular nerve
37
Which muscles make up the anterior compartment of the arm and which nerve innervates them?
Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis Innervated by: musculocutaneous nerve
38
Describe the attachments of biceps brachii.
Long head: supraglenoid tubercle + glenoid labrum Short head: coracoid process Distal attachment: radial tuberosity + biceps aponeurosis
39
Describe the attachments of coracobrachialis.
Proximal: coracoid process Distal: front of the shaft of the humerus
40
Describe the attachments of brachialis.
Proximal: shaft of the humerus Distal: coronoid process of ulna
41
Which muscles make up the posterior compartment of the arm? | Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm?
Triceps Anconeus Radial nerve
42
What are the attachments of the triceps?
Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Medial + lateral head: proximal part of the shaft of the humerus Distal attachment: olecranon process of the ulna
43
What are the attachments of anconeus?
Proximal: lateral epicondyle of the humerus Distal: shaft of the ulna
44
Which 4 joints make up the pectoral girdle?
Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular Gleno-humeral Scapulo-thoracic (physiological joint)
45
Which 2 ligaments make up the coracoclavicular ligament?
Conoid ligament | Trapezoid ligament
46
Which 3 ligaments surround the glenohumeral joint?
Glenohumeral ligament Coracohumeral ligament Transverse humeral ligament
47
What is the ligament of the acromioclavicular joint?
Acromioclavicular ligament
48
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
Ball-in-socket synovial joint
49
What is the glenoid cavity deepened by?
Glenoid Labrum – fibrocartilaginous collar
50
What does the rotator cuff do to the humeral head?
Holds humeral head within the glenoid cavity | Depresses the humeral head
51
What are the movements of the scapula-thoracic joint?
Elevation/ depression of scapula Protraction/ retraction of scapula Rotation of scapula
52
What is the shape of the axilla?
Pyramid
53
What does the axilla contain?
Nerves: the brachial plexus Arteries: axillary artery + its branches Veins: axillary vein + its branches Lymphatic vessels + lymph nodes
54
What are the 4 walls of the axilla?
Apex: 1st rib, clavicle + superior border of scapular Anterior wall: pectoralis major + pectoralis minor Lateral wall: inter tubercular groove of humerus Medial wall: upper thoracic wall + serratus anterior Posterior: subscapularis, teres major + latissimus dorsi
55
Describe the divisions of the subclavian artery as it passes into the axilla and down the arm.
At passing 1st rib subclavian becomes axillary artery Passes inferior border of teres major, Axillary artery becomes brachial artery At elbow level brachial artery divides into radial + ulnar arteries
56
Which branch of the axillary artery goes around the humerus?
Circumflex humeral artery
57
Describe the superficial venous anatomy of the arm.
2 main superficial veins: cephalic (lateral) + basilic (medial) Above the elbow basilic vein joins venae comitantes to form the axillary vein Cephalic vein drains into the axillary vein more superiorly Axillary vein becomes subclavian vein at level of 1st rib
58
Which small communicating vein joins the cephalic and basilic veins in the cubital fossa?
Median cubital vein
59
What are the veins on the dorsal side of the hand called?
Dorsal venous network
60
Describe the arrangement of the deep veins of the arm.
They follow the arteries back
61
What are the groups of lymph nodes found in the shoulder and arm?
Cubital lymph nodes Delto-pectoral lymph nodes Axillary lymph nodes Subclavian lymph trunk
62
Which two nerves are found near the axillary lymph nodes?
Long thoracic nerve | Thoraco-dorsal nerve
63
What are the five groups of axillary lymph nodes?
``` Apical Central Pectoral Subscapular Humeral ```
64
What are the five parts of the brachial plexus?
``` Roots Trunks Divisions Cords Terminal Branches ```
65
What are the five largest nerves of the brachial plexus?
``` Musculocutaneous Axillary Radial Median Ulnar ```
66
What is the function of the subclavius muscle?
Stabilises the clavicle
67
What is the function of Pectoralis minor?
Pulls coracoid anteriorly + inferiorly
68
Describe the attachments of trapezius
Nuchal line of skull Spines of cervical + thoracic vertebrae down to T12 Anterior: Acromion + clavicle
69
What is the biggest artery branching off the brachial artery?
Profunda brachii
70
Which nerves pass through the upper arm but don't supply anything till they reach the forearm?
Median nerve | Ulnar nerve

YR2: Limbs (8 decks)

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