Elbow To Hand

Question 1

Distal humerus

Answer 1

▪️medial and lateral epicondyle
▪️radial fossa-radius sits in this when elbow is flexed
▪️coronoid fossa-
▪️capitulum-articulates with head of radius
▪️trochlea- articulates with ulnar

Question 2

Proximal ulnar

Answer 2

▪️trochlea notch- hook at end of ulnar that articulates with trochlea of humerus
▪️coronoid process- sits in coronoid fossa when elbow is flexed (bottom angle of trochlear notch)
▪️olecranon- (posterior) sits in olecranon fossa when elbow is extended (point of elbow)
▪️radial notch- where radius articulates with ulnar

Question 3

Elbow joint

Answer 3

▪️capitulum of humerus and head of radius (F&E of elbow)
▪️trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulnar (F&E of elbow)
▪️head of radius and radial notch of ulnar (P&S of forearm)

Question 4

Ligaments of elbow joint

Answer 4

▪️medial and lateral collateral ligaments (supports F&E)
▪️annular ligament- around the head of radius- allows head to slide against capitulum and radial notch (supports P&S)

Question 5

Interosseus membrane and articular disc

Answer 5

▪️mainly continuous but has gaps to allow arteries through.
▪️in the gap between the bones
▪️keeps ulnar and radius near each other and supported during P&S
▪️AD at distal radio-ulnar joint- helps keep bones together during P&S

Question 6

Muscles of supination

Answer 6

▪️biceps brachii- powerful flexor and supinator

▪️supinator (posterior, upper third of radius)

Question 7

Muscles of pronation

Answer 7

▪️pronator teres- attaches at medial epicondyle and inserts laterally halfway down radius
▪️pronator quadratus- attaches at distal end of ulnar and inserts at distal end of radius (square shaped)

Question 8

Pronation and supination movement

Answer 8

▪️muscles contract- distal end of radius is pulled over ulnar
▪️biceps brachii and supinator become wrapped around proximal end of the radius
▪️as the muscles contract they unwrap from the bone and supinate

Question 9

Carpal bones

Answer 9

▪️straight line to pinky, here comes the thumb

▪️scaphoid, lunate, triquetrium, pisiform,hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

Question 10

Metacarpals

Answer 10

▪️forms palm of hand

▪️1(thumb)-5(pinky)

Question 11

Phalanges

Answer 11

▪️finger bones
▪️all fingers have 3 phalanges- distal, middle, proximal
▪️thumb has 2 phalanges- distal, proximal

Question 12

Wrist joint

Answer 12

▪️synovial joint
▪️distal end of radius and AD overlaying the ulnar and carpal bones (ulnar does not take part in wrist joint)
▪️ellipsoid concave (radius and AD)
▪️ellipsoid convex (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum)
▪️FandE, Medial and lateral deviation

Question 13

Muscles of the forearm

Answer 13

▪️divided into compartments by interosseous membrane (AandP)
▪️A: flexion, move wrist joint, pronate hand
▪️P: extension, move wrist joint, supinate arm

Question 14

Anterior forearm compartment

Answer 14

▪️deep- flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus
▪️intermediate- flexor digitorum superficialis
▪️superficial-flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, promator teres

Question 15

Flexor digitorum profundus

Answer 15

▪️flex metacarpophalengeal joints
▪️flex proximal and distal interphalengeal joints of fingers
▪️tendon goes all the way to tips of fingers
▪️flex wrist
▪️positioned medially on top of ulnar

Question 16

Flexor pollicis longus

Answer 16

▪️flex the thumb
▪️goes to tip of thumb
▪️positioned laterally attached to radius

Question 17

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Answer 17

▪️flex metacarpophalengeal joints
▪️flex proximal interphalengeal joints of fingers
▪️flex wrist
▪️tendon bifurcates and splits at distal phalanges joints

Question 18

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 18

▪️flex and adduct wrist

▪️ attaches to medial epicondyle and travels down to bottom of 5th metacarpal

Question 19

Palmaris longus

Answer 19

▪️flex wrist
▪️medial epicondyle to distal metacarpals of fingers
▪️absent in 15% of population

Question 20

Flexor carpi radialis

Answer 20

▪️flex and abducts wrist
▪️medial epicondyle to bottom of 2nd metacarpal
▪️used to feel for radial pulse

Question 21

Posterior forearm compartment

Answer 21

▪️deep- abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis, supinator (originates from medial epicondyle)
▪️superficial-brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, anconeus (originates from supraepicondyle and lateral epicondyle)

Question 22

Abductor pollicis longus

Answer 22

▪️long abductor thumb

▪️inserts at joint between trapezium and 1st metacarpal

Question 23

Extensor pollicis brevis

Answer 23

▪️short extender of thumb
▪️inserts to carpometacarpal and metacarpophalengeal joints of thumb and extends them
▪️lateral border of snuff box (gap where scaphoid bone can be felt)

Question 24

Extensor pollicis longus

Answer 24

▪️long extender of thumb
▪️inserts to all joints of thumb (proximal and distal phalanges)
▪️medial border of snuff box

Question 25

Extensor indicis

Answer 25

▪️extend index finger (2 digit) | ▪️inserts at metacarpophalengeal joint

Question 26

Brachioradialis

Answer 26

▪️flex elbow (anterior to elbow joint even though it is in posterior compartment )

Question 27

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Answer 27

▪️long extender and abductor of wrist

Question 28

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Answer 28

▪️short extended and abductor of wrist

Question 29

Extensor digitorum

Answer 29

▪️extensor of fingers

Question 30

Extensor digiti minimi

Answer 30

▪️accessory extensor of little finger

Question 31

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Answer 31

▪️extends and addicts wrist

Question 32

Anconeus

Answer 32

▪️proximal part of forearm ▪️accessory extensor of elbow joint ▪️abducts ulnar during pronation

Question 33

Arteries of upper limb

Answer 33

``` ▪️right subclavian ▪️axillary ▪️brachial ▪️radial ▪️ulnar ▪️palmar arches ▪️digital branches ```

Question 34

Veins of upper limb

Answer 34

``` ▪️digital branches ▪️palmer arches ▪️ulnar ▪️radial ▪️medial cubital- superficial, in cubital fossa ▪️brachial ▪️axially ▪️subclavian ```

Question 35

Innervation of upper limb

Answer 35

▪️brachial plexus ▪️median nerve- through carpal tunnel to thenal eminence ▪️ulnar nerve- hooks around posterior of epicondyle of humerus(superficial funny bone) ▪️radial nerve- posterior side of limb

Question 36

Median nerve

Answer 36

``` ▪️palm side -all of thumb -all of 2 and 3 -half of 4 ▪️back side -inside of thumb -tip of 2 and 3 -half tip of 4 ```

Question 37

Ulnar nerve

Answer 37

``` ▪️palm side -half of 4 -all of 5 ▪️back side -half of 4 -all of 5 ```

Question 38

Radial nerve

Answer 38

▪️back side - all of thumb - all of 2 and 3 with no tips - half of 4 with no tip

Question 41

Cubital fossa

Answer 41

▪️between arm and forearm ▪️formed by: brachioradialis, pronator teres, line between MandL epicondyles (makes a triangle) ▪️floor formed by brachialis muscle ▪️contains: tendon of biceps brachii, median nerve, brachial artery, cephalic and basilic and medial cubital vein (superficial) ▪️ medial cubital vein-where blood is taken from

Question 61

Carpal tunnel

Answer 61

▪️tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (deep) , flexor digitorum superficialis (on top) , flexor pollicis longus (side) pass through tunnel ▪️flexor retinaculum- band of tissue covering carpal tunnel and prevents tendons from bowing out (pisiform to trapezium) ▪️median nerve also passes through

Question 62

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 62

▪️tendons become inflamed due to flexion and compression. ▪️they swell up and compress on the median nerve and can damage it ▪️pins and needles ▪️trouble opposing thumb ▪️thenar eminence muscle at base of thumb can become weak and waste away ▪️need to reduce inflammation-medicine/surgery