elbs brainscape unit three horticulture csv new

Question 1

growth medium

Answer 1

Something you use to surround plants roots as they grow

Question 2

thinning

Answer 2

pick out and discard any unwanted seedlings

Question 3

Pricking out

Answer 3

When seedlings emerge they are transplanted carefully to space them out

Question 4

Potting up

Answer 4

Taking a seedling from a tray and put it into an individual pot

Question 5

Potting on

Answer 5

take a plant which has filled its current pot entirely and put it into the next size up

Question 6

heated propagators

Answer 6

hot box - Advantages - can be done earlier in the year, can germinate seeds which are difficult at room temperature. Germination is faster

Question 7

mist propagators

Answer 7

Electronic leaf turns on a mist spray when it gets dry then off again when it gets wet so it is always just moist

Question 8

capillary matting

Answer 8

water wicks along the porous mat and keeps the plants watered

Question 9

Annuals

Answer 9

grow flower and seed once per year e.g. tomatos

Question 10

Biennials

Answer 10

grow flower and seed once every TWO years Examples :- Onions Carrots

Question 11

Perennials

Answer 11

grow, flower and seed for many years.

Question 12

Deciduous

Answer 12

trees shed their leaves

Question 13

Evergreen

Answer 13

keep their leaves all winter

Question 14

propagation

Answer 14

making copies of a plant

Question 15

asexual reproduction

Answer 15

without flowers e.g. bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers and runners

Question 16

advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 16

Lots of new plants can be produced very quickly and cheaply

- All the new plants will be identical so the grower can be sure of their colour

Question 17

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 17

no variation in the offspring so the plants will not be able to evolve by natural selection
- Any diseases in the parent plant will be easily spread to the next generation

Question 18

tissue culture

Answer 18

cut parts of a plant into very small pieces under sterile conditions. These can be grown on agar gel to make new plants generically identical to the original one. Named example = disease resistant bananas

Question 19

selective breeding

Answer 19

1.Decide which characteristics are important 2.Choose parents that show these characteristics 3.Select the best offspring from parents to breed the next generation 4. Repeat the process continuously for many generations

Question 20

yield

Answer 20

how much crop you can harvest

Question 21

disease resistance

Answer 21

how well they can survive when attacked by disease

Question 22

hardiness

Answer 22

how tough they are

Question 23

appearance

Answer 23

what they look like

Question 24

hybrid vigour

Answer 24

cross breeds doing particularly well, growing and surviving better than either parent.

Question 25

Genetic engineering

Answer 25

introduce genes from other organisms

Question 26

GM problems

Answer 26

escape of GM crops into the wild, long term environmental impact of GM crops , long term effects on humans

Question 27

ethical problems with GM

Answer 27

dependence on GM seed companies such as Monsanto for continued supplies, consumers may not be aware they are eating |GM crops , GM companies may be unscrupulous and take advantage of farmer

Question 28

plants used in bedding schemes

Answer 28

Fuchsia, Pelargonium (geranium), Begonia, marigold, Lobelia

Question 29

Features of plants used in bedding schemes,

Answer 29

Hardy, attractive, non-invasive, long flowering season

Question 30

Aspect

Answer 30

which way the ground faces. South facing ground will get more sun, north facing ground will get less.

Question 31

Shade

Answer 31

use shade tolerant plants such as ivy.

Question 32

Drainage

Answer 32

If it is damp all the time use moisture loving plants such as ferns.

Question 33

trees and shrubs

Answer 33

Cherry, Acer, Beech, Birch, Hydrangea, Buddleia, Forsythia, Viburnum

Question 34

windbreaks

Answer 34

trees or shrubs planted to give shelter from the wind.

Question 35

foliage

Answer 35

leaves

Question 36

FYM

Answer 36

Farm Yard Manure

Question 37

Mechanical weed control

Answer 37

hoeing, strimming, harrowing

Question 38

Chemical weed control

Answer 38

involving herbicides ( weedkillers)

Question 39

effects of pruning

Answer 39

Hormones released affect growth

Question 40

auxins

Answer 40

plant hormones

Question 41

Rotary lawnmowers

Answer 41

blades go around in a flat plane, parallel to the ground.

Question 42

sidewheel/blade (cylinder) mowers

Answer 42

the blades go around at right angle to the ground.

Question 43

Cylinder mowers

Answer 43

can cut stripes into the grass

Question 44

setting the height of cutting

Answer 44

the one-third rule. While the grass is growing fast cut more often. In spring and autumn and during really hot weather, cut less frequently.

Question 45

producing a lawn from seed

Answer 45

Grass seed is best sown from late summer to mid-autumn; there is less competition from weeds, and the soil is warm, and damp for germination. Advantages over turf ? it is cheaper, there are lots of different mixes available and seed is better for trickier areas, such as slopes and corners.

Question 46

glasshouses advantages and disadvantages

Answer 46

Good light transmission Fragile, heavy, dangerous when broken

Question 47

polytunnel advantages and disadvantages

Answer 47

Light, cheap, not fragile Degrade in sunlight to go opaque

Question 48

cloche advantages and disadvantages

Answer 48

Precise, cheap Labour setting them out and moving them

Question 49

fleece ground cover advantages and disadvantages

Answer 49

Warms soil Labour, wind, ripping

Question 50

siting a glasshouse

Answer 50

In direct light, - not near public movements areas/playing fields, - not under or near trees - orientated long axis east/west so south facing. - not in hollows or damp places - not in very windy places

Question 51

cold frames

Answer 51

unheated boxes with transparent tops. Plants can be put out into them from a greenhouse to get ready for life in the open. They can be opened during the day and closed during the night to toughen plants up

Question 52

advantages and disadvantages of plastic

Answer 52

Cheaper, less fragile, lighter less dangerous Not long lasting, becomes less transparent, can be ripped

Question 53

advantages and disadvantages of glass

Answer 53

Long lasting, transparency doesn?t change, can?t be ripped, More expensive, fragile, heavier, dangerous when broken More expensive, fragile, heavier, dangerous when broken

Question 54

economic factors involved when using a glasshouse

Answer 54

Usage all year round to grow crops out of season. This brings a higher price so you can make more money. - temperature control can be automated so that vents open when it gets too hot and heaters come on when it gets too cold . This will maximise growth rate and therefore yield and income - automation will reduce labour costs as you don?t have to pay staff

Question 55

biological pest control

Answer 55

involves introducing or encouraging another species which will reduce the numbers of the pest species to a less harmful level e.g. by predation.

Question 56

Advantages of biological control

Answer 56

Is very often species specific, doesn?t harm other organisms | - Does not build up in the environment

Question 57

Disadvantages of biological control

Answer 57

It is slower acting, not all the pests are killed

Question 58

Advantages of using pesticides

Answer 58

they are usually quick acting | -If applied correctly they will kill all the pest population

Question 59

Disadvantages of using pesticides

Answer 59

They can kill non-target species They can get into the environment and be harmful They can bio-accumulate as they go up the food chain ( e.g. DDT in birds of prey) They can be toxic to humans so protective equipment is needed They can leave residues in food

Question 60

Examples of biological control

Answer 60

parasitic wasps ( Encarsia Formosa) preying on greenhouse whitefly, ladybirds preying on aphids.

Question 61

soil based compost

Answer 61

John Innes

Question 62

peat based compost

Answer 62

cheap, not good for the environment ( non-renewable, habitat loss) dry out easily

Question 63

soil-less compost

Answer 63

contains a mixture of organic materials such as bark and peat moss, maybe composted garden waste, and inorganic materials such as sand or vermiculite, but no field soil.

Question 64

peat-free compost

Answer 64

e.g. coir ( coconut husk) ecologically sound, can be fibrous and difficult to wet

Question 65

dangers associated with growing plants year after year in glasshouse soil

Answer 65

build up of pests and diseases, Cultivation to same depth ? pan formation, nutrients drawn from the soil and it becomes depleted

Question 66

ethical considerations in the use of peat

Answer 66

Peat is a non-renewable fossil resource. It is cut from bog land in hilly regions of the UK and Ireland. The habitat in the bog land provides a home for many species which can?t live anywhere else. The cutting of peat for use as garden compost destroys this habitat.

Question 67

Hydroponics

Answer 67

the growing of plants in water solutions

Question 68

commercial advantages of hydroponics

Answer 68

precise control over nutrients and water results in high yield, little waste and good product quality.

Question 69

ICT and hydroponics

Answer 69

Data-loggers can be used to monitor and control the pH, temperature, oxygen can nutrient contents of the hydroponic solutions. The data can be recorded for long term monitoring. Control of these parameters can be automated.

Question 70

lime

Answer 70

add to soil to rise the pH ( make it more alkaline/less acidic)