electorlytes

Question 1

Potassium (K+) normal levels

Answer 1

3.5-5.0

Question 2

Sodium (Na+) normal levels

Answer 2

135-145

Question 3

Magnesium (Mg+) normal levels

Answer 3

1.3-2.1

Question 4

Calcium (Ca) normal levels

Answer 4

9-10.5

Question 5

Phosphate normal levels

Answer 5

3-4.5

Question 6

ICF prevalent cation & anion

Answer 6

potassium & phosphate

Question 7

ECF prevalent cation & anion

Answer 7

sodium & calcium

Question 8

oncotic pressure

Answer 8

the PULL, brings water in

Question 9

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 9

the PUSH, water goes out

Question 10

ADH / Vasopressin

Answer 10

anti diuretic hormone
regulated by pituitary
retain more water

Question 11

Aldosterone

Answer 11

regulated by adrenal gland
RAAS
(Renin>angiotensinI>ACE>AngiotensinII>Aldosterone)
stimulates sodium & water retention

Question 12

Natriuetic Peptides

Answer 12

antagonists to the RAAS
stimulated by high BP/BV
suppress ADH, aldosterone, & renin

Question 13

Hypervolemia

Answer 13

FVE
HR decrease (bounding)
BP increase
edema/cool skin
rapid shallow breaths (lung crackles)
UOP increase
weight increase
Lab values decreased (not concentrated)

Question 14

Hypovolemia

Answer 14

FVD
HR increase (weak)
BP decrease
skin tenting/dry mucous membrane/fever
rapid deep breaths
UOP decrease
weight decrease
Lab values increased (concentrated)

Question 15

Hyperkalemia

Answer 15

Potassium over 5

Question 16

Hyperkalemia manifestations

Answer 16

HIGH
peaked T waves & ST elevation
V Fib & cardiac arrest
cramping leg/abdominal

Question 17

Hyperkalemia causes

Answer 17

renal failure
Massive intake
ACE inhibitors
Aldactone (retains potassium)

Question 18

Hypokalemia

Answer 18

potassium under 3

Question 19

Hypokalemia manifestations

Answer 19

LOW AND SLOW
flat T waves, ST depression, U wave
weakness of respiratory muscles

Question 20

Hypokalemia causes

Answer 20

abnormal losses through kindey/GI
magnesium deficiency
thiazide & loop diuretics

Question 21

Hypernatremia

Answer 21

sodium over 145

Question 22

Hypernatremia manifestations

Answer 22

BIG & BLOATED
edema
increased muscle tone
swollen dry tongue

Question 23

Hypernatremia causes

Answer 23

Low ADH
Diabetes insipidus (dry inside)
enteral feedings
pituitary feedings

Question 24

Hyponatremia

Answer 24

sodium under 135

Question 25

Hyponatriemia manifestations

Answer 25

LOW AND SLOW cerebral edema (headache) decreased respiratory rate fatigue & muscle cramps

Question 26

Hyponatriemia causes

Answer 26

excess water intake psychogenic polydipsia (cant stop drinking) SIADH (excess ADH) drinking only water for fluid (think Gatorade) diuretics (Furmoside & lasix)

Question 27

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 27

magnesium over 2.1

Question 28

Hypermagnesemia manifestations

Answer 28

HIGH MELLOW hypotension/bradycardia decreased DTR depressed respirations

Question 29

Hypermagnesemia causes

Answer 29

renal failure alcoholism increased intake *VERY RARE usually occurs when trying to correct hypomagnesemia*

Question 30

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 30

magnesium under 1.3

Question 31

Hypomagnesemia manifestations

Answer 31

LOW MELLOW torsades de pointes (funky heart wave/tornado EKG) increased DTR Confusion Tremors

Question 32

Hypomagnesemia causes

Answer 32

Hypokalcemia malnourishment alcoholism fluid loss

Question 33

Hypercalcemia

Answer 33

calcium over 10.5

Question 34

Hypercalcemia manifestations

Answer 34

HIGH CALM kidney stones bone pain muscle weakness loss of muscle tone

Question 35

Hypercalcemia causes

Answer 35

Hyperparathyroidism (High PTH stimulates calcium absorption) malignancy & tumors immobility

Question 36

Hypocalcemia

Answer 36

calcium under 9

Question 37

Hypocalcemia manifestations

Answer 37

LOW CALM Trousseaus Sign Tetany Chvosteks Sign increased muscle tone tingling mouth/extremities

Question 38

Hypocalcemia causes

Answer 38

Hypoparathyroidism (Low PTH, no calcium absorption) acute pancreatitis multiple blood transfusions low magnesium

Question 39

Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 39

phosphate over 4.5

Question 40

Hyperphosphatemia manifestations

Answer 40

LOW CALCIUM SIGNS Trousseaus, chvosteks Calcified deposits in soft tissues

Question 41

Hyperphosphatemia causes

Answer 41

Chronic/acute kidney disease Chemotherapy excessive ingestion

Question 42

Hypophosphatemia

Answer 42

phosphate under 3

Question 43

Hypophosphatemia manifestations

Answer 43

HIGH CALCIUM SIGNS CNS depression Dysrhythmias Cardiomyopathy muscle weakness

Question 44

Hypophosphatemia causes

Answer 44

Hyperparathyroidism (High PTH stimulates calcium absorption) malnourishment alcoholism use of alcohol binding antacids