Electrical Laser Radiation and Fire Safety

Question 2

Who is the Electrical safety cartoon?

Answer 2

Reddy Kilowatt

Question 3

An open circuit is what?

Answer 3

A circuit in which no path is available for the current to return to the battery

Question 4

What are the electrical hazards for patients?

Answer 4

Burns, Microshock, Macroshock

Question 5

Burns may be associated with what?

Answer 5

Pressure ischemia

Question 6

True or false: macroshocks can only be detected on a conscious patient

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Which are more difficult to detect, micro shock or macro shock?

Answer 7

Microshock

Question 8

Ventricular fibrillation occurs in 5% of patients at what milliampere?

Answer 8

100 ug

Question 9

An awareness of or a reflex response to a passage of electric current through the body is known as what?

Answer 9

Electric shock

Question 10

What makes electrical currents passing through the body so dangerous?

Answer 10

The currents interfere with signals produced by body

Question 11

What is the worst frequency that that can pass through the human body?

Answer 11

50 - 60 Hz

Question 12

What are the two parts of the human body that you do not want a current to go through?

Answer 12

The heart and the brain

Question 13

The heating effect from electrical burns comes from what kind of heating?

Answer 13

Joule heating

Question 14

For a constant current density, burns will result from what size area of contact?

Answer 14

Large areas of contact equate to no burns Small areas of contact equate to Burns

Question 15

Temperatures above what degrees Celsius may cause skin injury?

Answer 15

45*C

Question 16

What does a GFCI outlet stand for?

Answer 16

Ground fault circuit interference

Question 17

What class electrical wires is grounded?

Answer 17

Class 1

Question 18

What class of electrical wires is double insulated?

Answer 18

Class IIThat is they have 2 walls of insulation

Question 19

Class III type of electrical wires contain what?

Answer 19

Internal power sourceIe. transport monitors

Question 20

Shock is known as what?

Answer 20

An awareness or reflex response to a stimulus

Question 21

A risk of micro shock can come from what?

Answer 21

An indwelling catheter

Question 22

What are some types of indwelling catheters?

Answer 22

Pulmonary artery catheter Central line

Question 23

What are some examples of safety power systems?

Answer 23

Isolation transformers line isolation monitors (LIM)ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI)

Question 24

How do line isolation monitors work?

Answer 24

When a faulty piece of equipment is plugged into the isolated power system, it will markedly decrease the impedance from line 1 or line 2 to the ground. This will be detected by the LIM which will sound an alarm

Question 25

How do isolation transformers work?

Answer 25

They isolate the power from the ground

Question 26

What does laser mean?

Answer 26

Light amplification stimulated emitted mediated radiation

Question 27

When measuring radiation, the amount of radiation being given off or emitted is measured by what?

Answer 27

Curie (Ci)Becquerel (Bq)

Question 28

When measuring radiation what does the rad or the gray (Gy) unit measure?

Answer 28

The radiation dose absorbed by person, (that is the amount of energy deposited in human tissue by radiation)

Question 29

The biological risk of exposure to radiation is measured by what?

Answer 29

RemSievert (Sv)

Question 30

True or false, the beta particle that is emitted is also the electron

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What are two types of radiation counters?

Answer 31

The Geiger-Muller counter the scintillation counter

Question 32

Radiation follows what law?

Answer 32

The inverse square lawE € d^-2

Question 33

True or false if the radioactive substances within the body of the patient, all or part of this energy must be absorbed by the tissues

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or false, the energy of the alpha and beta particles absorbed in the surrounding tissues do not cause damage

Answer 34

False

Question 35

True or false, in the case of gamma rays a proportion of the radiation escapes from the body

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Actively dividing cells such as tumor cells are particularly vulnerable for what?

Answer 36

Any alpha or beta particles or radiation that caused damage or death to cells

Question 37

ALARA means what

Answer 37

As low as reasonably achievable

Question 38

What are some common types of lasers?

Answer 38

Gaseous lasing medium solid lasing median liquid dyes or semi conductors

Question 39

Most medical lasers including CO2 and KTP lasers are what type of class?

Answer 39

Class 4

Question 40

What is the American national standards Institute for laser and laser hazards class 4 description?

Answer 40

Hazardous if viewed directly or from diffuse reflection. these lasers also produce fire hazards and skin hazards

Question 41

Which lasers are most often used for surgery?

Answer 41

ExcimerCO2Nd: YAG

Question 42

What are some common laser hazards?

Answer 42

Laser plume perforation of a vessel or structure embolism inappropriate energy transfer

Question 43

What hazards do laser plume present?

Answer 43

Atmospheric contamination Vector for viral infection bacterial spores Produces particulate matter 0.3 µ that is efficiently transported into the alveoli Mutagenic and teratogenic

Question 44

What is an inappropriate energy transfer laser hazards?

Answer 44

Ignition of surgical drapes

Question 45

When using lasers In the OR, what should you do to your Fi 02?

Answer 45

Keep as low as possible perhaps less than 0.3

Question 46

What are the steps to do in case of a laser fire in the airway?

Answer 46

1. Disconnect oxygen source at y piece and remove burning objects from the airway 2. Irrigate site with water fire is still smoldering 3. Ventilate the patient by mask or reintubate the trachea and ventilate with as low FI O2 as possible

Question 47

What type of lens will work for CO2 lasers?

Answer 47

Plastic or glass lens

Question 48

What is the bare minimum eye protection for the patient when using lasers near the face?

Answer 48

Tape the patient's eyes and cover with saline soaked knit or metal shield

Question 49

What color Eye filter must be used for the argon and krypton lasers?

Answer 49

Amber / orange filter

Question 50

What type of laser requires the green filter for eyewear?

Answer 50

Nd: YAG

Question 51

What kind of lasers requires a red filter for eyewear?

Answer 51

KTP:Nd:YAG

Question 52

What is the Firedog for fire safety's name?

Answer 52

Sparky

Question 53

What three things must be present to have a fire?Name examples of each:

Answer 53

An oxidizer: oxygen ignition source: heat fuel: sheets

Question 54

A tincture of something means what

Answer 54

It is dissolved in alcohol

Question 55

What are some combustible substances in the OR?

Answer 55

Endotracheal tubes Tape Plastic tubing Hair Gauze Surgical drapes Gastro intestinal gases Alcohol and acetone Tincture of benzoin and oils

Question 56

What are some of the combustible gases in anesthesia?

Answer 56

Ethers halothaneisofluraneEnflurane(Lowest limits needed for combustion of each are found only inside the bottle)

Question 57

What are some of the combustion supporting gases?

Answer 57

Oxygen nitrous oxide air

Question 58

Is oxygen flammable?

Answer 58

It is nonflammable, but feeds and oxidizes everything else to the flame

Question 59

Why is N2O such a combustion supporting gas?

Answer 59

Releases the O2 molecule very readily thus providing the oxidizer the fire needs

Question 60

What are some combustion squelching gases?

Answer 60

Nitrous carbon dioxide helium

Question 61

Why is carbon dioxide a squelching gas when it has an O2 molecule available?

Answer 61

The CO2 molecule does not release the O2 molecule very well

Question 62

What are some ignition sources used in anesthesia or in the operating room?

Answer 62

Lasers Hot filaments : bairhugger\fluid warmer\Drager flow reading on anesthesia machine sparks and arcs : bovie gas compression

Question 63

Conditions of a fire are what Compared to an explosion?

Answer 63

1 bar of pressureTemperature between 200 and 500°CBurns very slowly

Question 64

Conditions of an explosion compared to fire are what?

Answer 64

25 bar of pressureTemperature around 3000°CFlame front is faster than speed of sound

Question 65

What is the rule of Arrhenius?

Answer 65

The rate of a reaction is doubled when the temperature of the initial mixture is raised by 10°C

Question 66

In layman's terms describe the rule of Arrhenius.

Answer 66

It is more likely for fire to occur around something hot

Question 67

True or false 70% of surgical fires in the operating room are in the patient's airway

Answer 67

False, only 21% of fires are actually in the airway

Question 68

True or false around 50% of surgical fires in the operating room are located on the patient's head neck or upper chest

Answer 68

True

Question 69

What are some of the early warning signs of a fire?

Answer 69

A pop, a flash, or smoke

Question 70

What was Biggs number one risk management objectives if you are at fault for causing a fire

Answer 70

Destroy and mess up the scene of the crime as much as possible, throw away all damaging/incriminating evidence (This is obviously a joke)

Question 71

What is the type of fire extinguisher that most hospitals have in the operating room's

Answer 71

An a, B, C fire extinguisher that contains pressurized water

Question 72

What type of class fire are those that are fueled by materials that when they burn they leave a residue in the form of ash

Answer 72

Class a

Question 73

What is classified as a class B fire?

Answer 73

They involve flammable liquids and gases such as gasoline propane and paint thinner

Question 74

Class C fires involve what?

Answer 74

They involve energized electrical wiring or equipment

Question 75

What type of fires will we never see in the operating room and are most often caused by things such as phosphorus

Answer 75

Class D

Question 76

I recommend highly looking at the prevention and management of operating fires list

Answer 76

Biggs had it on about 4 slides so look at each one of them

Question 77

Most sensitive organs/tissue to radioactive activity: (5)

Answer 77

gonads bone marrow colon lung stomach

Question 78

Tissue sensitivity depends on tissue _____ factor.

Answer 78

weighting

Question 79

X ray protection Which provides the better and least protection? Indicate the curves on the graph.

Answer 79

d-composite is least, top solid line lead is most protective, bottom solid line

Question 80

Wall that protects someone from x ray protection:

Answer 80

composite shield

Question 81

Answer 81

symbol for laser radiation

Question 82

Answer 82

ionizing radiation

Question 83

Answer 83

Question 84

Answer 84

laser shield

Question 85

Answer 85

laser-flex tube with dual cuff

Question 87

The accepted maximal harmless current: ___ mA

Answer 87

5

Question 88

"Let-go" current. Threshold of tetanic contraction of skeletal muscle. The point person can let go of current conductor is: \_\_\_\_\_\_ mA

Answer 88

10-20

Question 89

Pain, fainting, mechanical injury is ____ mA.

Answer 89

50

Question 90

Current that induces ventricular fibrillation, respiration remains intact at _____ mA.

Answer 90

100-300

Question 91

Current resulting in sustained ventricular contraction, has defibrillation effect, and burns if the current is high enough is _____ mA.

Answer 91

6000

Question 92

1 - 6000 mA current is defined as \_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 92

macroshock

Question 93

Recommended safe current limit for directly applied cardiac equipment is ____ microAmp.

Answer 93

10

Question 94

Maximum fault condition current for cardiac equipment is _____ microAmps.

Answer 94

50

Question 95

Ventricular fibrillation is induced when current directly applied to myocardium at _____ microAmps.

Answer 95

100