Old Exams Flashcards by Cindy Ehret

The letters ECG stand for what?

Electrocardiogram

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Name of Waller’s dog used in early experiments?

Jimmie

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Type of amplifier used in ECG monitoring?

Differential Input DC Amplifier

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How is the right leg lead used in patient ECG monitoring?

Reference / grounding

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What is the accuracy calculation?

(# of correct / # total) x 100

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Which monitors are used for both the patient and the anesthesia delivery system?

Paw (peak airway)

Qaw (airway flow)

Vt (tidal volume)

Respiratory Gas Analyzer

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What is the “J point” definition?

80 msec after the QRS

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What is the formula for calculating mean arterial pressure?

(Pulse pressure / 3) + diastolic pressure

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What is precision?

Degree of consistency between repeated measurements

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What is the Nyquist rate used for?

What is Nyquist rate formula?

Used to faithfully reproduce an analog signal into digital form

2 x Fmax

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ASA recommendation for the use of a circuit disconnect monitor?

Continuous monitoring

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What is “help me” audible alarm?

Advisory audible alarm1-2 beeps

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What does the caution (3 beeps) audible alarm sound like?

“Help me please”

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Which audible alarm says “Oh my god, help me” and repeats?

Warning audible alarm(5 beeps)

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What is the fourier components of a rapidly changing waveform?

Contains many high frequency components

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Which is the most sensitive single lead for the detection of myocardial LV ischemia?

V5 = 75% effective

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What is the most sensitive lead combination of the detection of myocardial LV ischemia?

V4 , V5, II = 96% effective(V5 , II = 80%)(V5, V4 = 90%)

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How does the amplitude of R waves change with respiration?

Increases with inspiration

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The meaning of the resultant vector in Einthoven’s triangle:

Is the vector component of the depolarizing dipole

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What is the most common cause of peri-op arrhythmias?

Bovi ??can someone please make sure this right?

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What is the location of the V4 ECG lead?

5th intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line

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What is the most common type of electrodes used for ECG monitoring?

Ag - AgCl or column electrodes

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What is the average amplitude of the R wave?

1 mV

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What is the source of common mode interferences?

60 Hz

Can occur with :

ECG near power cord/source

High electrode impedance from poor skin contact

Faulty lead wire

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What is the location of the V2 ECG lead?

Left Sternal border at 4th intercostal spadce

An normal QRS complex is displayed as a RS complex (no Q wave) in viewing what lead?

Lead III

What is the primary method that skin electrodes make contact with the volume conductor of the body?

Capacitive coupling through pores

What waves present during ventricular depolarization?

QRS

The AHA (american heart association) recommends what Hz for ECG diagnostic amplifiers?

0.05 Hz - 100 Hz

Which plane is seen between cardiac vector degrees 110\* to - 30\*?

Frontal plane

The transverse plane can be seen between what range of cardiac vectors?

30\* to - 30\*

Functions of an ECG monitor that requires the highest frequency range?

Pacemakers

What is "propagation of depolarization is seen as moving separation of charges"?

Dipole theory

What are examples of ECG manifestations of ischemia?

Peak T waves ST elevation/ST depression T wave inversion Q wave

What is the requirement of ASA standards of ECG monitoring?

Continuous

Augmented vector leads provide how much augmentation?

50%

What is the normal duration of S-T interval?

0.26 sec

Einthoven's LAW

II = I + III

What is the most common mechanism that creates signal artifact in ECG?

Electrode slippage

MI (infarction) would be interpreted how?

Upward sloping S-T segments

Definition of specificity?

How reliable the device is at detecting true abnormal readings

What is the definition of an ECG interval?

From the beginning of one wave to beginning of another

Meaning of "continual"?

Repeated , non-stop

What is the definition of drift on signal reproduction?

Slow, low frequency component of the signal

What ion crosses the cell membrane during the initial depolarization of myocardial contraction?

aVR lead use what leads?

RA lead (+)LA , LL , RL leads (-)

Which term means the degree of consistency between repeated measurements of the same quantity?

Precision

During LV depolarization, aVR lead will have what kind of deflection?

Negative deflection

Biphasic waves have what kind of axis?

Perpendicular 90\* axis

What is full scale accuracy variation?

+/- 1 standard deviation

Bradycardia is what kind of sinus arrhythmia?

Benign sinus arrhythmia

What is reproducibility ?

Ability to maintain precision during long term use

What fixes random errors in monitoring?

Averaging fixes random errors

Meaning of "stethescope"?

Chest exam

What electrode is white?

What electrode color is LL?

Red

What electrode is black?

What color is the reference electrode and how is labeled?

GreenRL

Precordial (V) lead is what color?

Brown

What is the ASA motto?

Vigilance

What in the cell maintains electrical potential differences?

Na - K pump

What is the A-H interval?

The time from initial deflection of the atrial wave to the deflection of the bundle of HIS

What does the A-H interval approximate and how long it is?

Approximates the conduction time through the AV node.normally 50 -120 msec

What is the interference theory?

Theory in which some tissue repolarizes (myocardium) in the opposite direction of the depolarization. The ECG then is a result of the spatial and temporal summation of electrical activity of the heart as seen by electrodes placed externally

Vector I has what 2 possible axis degrees?

0 and +/- 180 degrees

Vector II has what 2 possible axis degrees?

+60 and -120 degrees

Vector III has what 2 possible axis degrees?

+120 and -60 degrees

What kind of wave does hyperkalemia cause?

U wave

How long are each of the segments and waves in the ECG?

P-R segment = 0.08 msec P-R Interval = 0.16 msec QRS complex = 0.06 -0.10 msec S-T segment = 0.12 msec S-T interval = 0.28 msec Q-T Interval = 0.36 msec

What is the best way for determining heart rate?What is the second most used way?

Arterial waveform Pulse ox (but remember tells you pulse rate)

Kirchhoff's Voltage law is what?

The sum of the voltage variations around a loop is zero. Rt = R1 + R2 + R2

Kirchhoff's Current law is what?

The sum of all currents that converge on a node will be zero. (1/Rt) = (1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3)

What is also known as the balance equation?

The wheatstone bridge

Capacitors =

compliance

Series capacitance equation

(1/Ct) = (1/C1) + (1/C2) + (1/C3)Opposite charges get so close that they cancel each other out

Parallel capacitance equation

Ct = C1 + C2 + C3

In series capacitance, what happens to current?

Current decreases as time increases due to charge buildup on capacitor.Current also increases as time increases due to diminished impediment from the inductor

In series capacitance, what happens to voltage?

Voltage across the capacitor increases as time increase due to charge buildup on capacitor

Inductors =

inertness

Series inductance equation?

Lt = L1 + L2 + L3

Parallel inductance equation?

(1/Lt) = (1/L1) + (1/L2) + (1/L3)

Most circulatory systems are what kind of system?

Parallel systems

The electrical diode is analogous to what in vascular system?

Vascular valve

The maximum amplitude in either the positive or negative half cycle?

Peak amplitude

Peak to peak amplitude is what?

twice the peak amplitude and includes positive to negative maxima

Average amplitude is what?

the average amplitude for either half cycle= 0.637 x peak amplitude

The amplitude a DC signal would need to be in order to provide the same average power is what?

RMS amplitude (root mean square)= 0.707 x peak amplitude

What is the most dangerous frequency?

50 - 60 Hz

What is the branch of chemistry concerned with measuring the proportions of elements that combine when chemical reactions take place?

Stoichiometry

What is the rule of arrhenius?

The rate of a reaction is doubled when the temperature of the initial mixture is raised by 10\*C

What does PASS for fire extinguishers mean?

Pull the pinAim the nozzleSqueeze the triggerSweep from side to side

What is unit that measures the amount of radiation being given off or emitted by radioactive material?

Ci (curie)

The Rad or grey measures what?

The radiation dose absorbed by a person (the amount of energy deposited in human tissue by radiation)

Name 2 high energy lasers

GeigerScintillation

T or F: The x-ray is high frequency protons?

TRUE

The most dangerous laser for skin?

Excimer

The most dangerous laser for subcutaneous layer?

CO2

The most dangerous deep tissue laser?

YAG

What risk of lasers is associated with a "sizzle"?

Direct intrabeam viewing

What risk of lasers is associated with a "pop"?

Specular reflection

What risk of lasers is associated with "ouch"?

Diffuse reflection

The laser hazard associated with atmospheric contamination?

Laser plume

Laser injuries breakdown

Perforation : 24%Gas embolism : 24%Eye exposure: 19%Other burns: 9%

Old Exams Flashcards

(103 cards)