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526 Electro > Electrical Pulse Parameters and Associated Physiological Responses > Flashcards

Electrical Pulse Parameters and Associated Physiological Responses Flashcards

1
Q

Frequency Spectrum

A

THz (Tera) = 10^12 Hz
Ghz (Giga) = 10^9 Hz
Mhz (Mega) = 10^6 Hz
Khz (Kilo) = 10^3 Hz

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2
Q

Wave Form

A

Describes the shape of an alternating or pulsatile current and can be associated with polarity

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3
Q

Naming Currents

A

Balance or Unbalanced
Symmetry / Asymmetric
Shape (Triangle, Sawtooth, Sinusoidal)
Alternating or Pulsatile (Mon/Bi) Current

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4
Q

Characteristics/Terms when describing Currents

A

Duration
Phase
Phase Duration
Pulse Duration
Interphase Interval
Interpulse Interval

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5
Q

Duration

A

Important phenomena for recruiting fibers and comfort

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6
Q

Phase

A

Current Flow in one Direction

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7
Q

Phase Duration

A

Time from beginning to end of one phase of a pulse
(expressed in usec or msec)

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8
Q

Pulse Duration

A

Total time from the beginning to end of one pulse and includes the phase duration of all phases plus the interphase interval

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9
Q

Interphase Interval

A

Period of time of no electrical activity between two phases of a pulse
(Zero electric baseline)

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10
Q

Interpulse Interval

A

Period of no electrical activity between two successive pulses. The interphase interval cannot exceed the interpulse interval

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11
Q

Current Density

A

Represents the Intensity/Area under a stimulation pad

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12
Q

How does Electrode size affect Intensity

A

The smaller the Electrode the greater the intensity of the stimualtion compared to larger Electrode

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13
Q

Issues with Electrode Size and Wear

A

Be cautious with setting the intensity level with smaller or damaged Electrodes.

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14
Q

How does Hair affect an Electrode

A

Anything can can chage the surface area of contact could mistakenly lead to higher intensity

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15
Q

Rise Time

A

Time for the leading edge of the pahse to increase from the zero baseline to the peak amplitude of the phase

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16
Q

Decay (Fall Time)

A

Time for the trailing edge of a phase to fall from the peak amplitude to the zero baseline

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17
Q

Period

A

Time from a reference point on a pulse to the identical point on the following pulse

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18
Q

Amplitude Modulation

A

Variations in the peak amplitude in a series of pulses or cycle

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19
Q

Phase or Pulse Duration Modulation

A

Variations in phase or pulse duration in a series of pulses

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20
Q

Frequency Modulation

A

Variations in frequency in a series of pulses

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21
Q

Ramp or Surge Modulation

A

Cyclical sequential increases or decreases in phase charge over time

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22
Q

Duty Cycle

A

Ratio of the one time to the total time of the stimulation, expressed as a percentage

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23
Q

Ways to Modulate

A

Changing the:
Amplitude
Frequency
Duration

Changing to:
Burst Modulation

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24
Q

Burst

A

Series of pulses or cycles of alternating current delivered during a stimulator ON period

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25
Burst Duration
Length in time of the burst usually in msec
26
Burst Frequency
Number of bursts per second
27
Interburst Interval
Time the stimulator is off between bursts
28
Timing
Altering the time characteristics of stimulation
29
Train
Continuous, repetititive series of pulses at a fixed frequency
30
Burst
Package of train pulses (in usec/microsec) delivered at a specified frequency, 2 bursts per second, bursts in (msec/millisec)
31
Carrier Frequency
Pulse duration is 1/f Increase pulse duration to improve muscle force output you would decrease the train frequency
32
2000 Hz
1/2000 or 500 second pulse duration
33
1000 Hz
1/1000 or 1000 second (1 millisecond) pulse duration
34
Burst Frequency
Function of Burst Duration Inverse relationship between Frequency and Cycle Duration for an Alternating Current
35
Basic Clinical Currents
Direct Current Medium Frequency Alternating Current Pulsatile Current Microcurrent
36
Direct Current
Most Powerful Current Not used too often, as its very strong Can destroy the new vascular supply
37
Medium Frequency Alternating Current
Russian Interferential Not necessarily used in the Elderly due to intensity
38
Pulsatile Current
Mono/Bi HVPC HVPC is one of the weakest currencies. High voltage but a short period of time
39
Microcurrent
Doesn't hit the threshold But still possible burn someone over exposed tissue
40
Direct Current (DC)
Current that runs for one second or greater in one direction
41
Alternating Current (AC)
Continuous Bi-Directional flow of current
42
2 Types of Alternating Current
Symmetrical AC Asymmetrical AC
43
Alternating Current (AC) Interferential Current
MF Beat Modulated AC or MF Amplitude Modulated AC
44
Alternating Current (AC) Russian Current
MF Burst AC or MF time Modulated AC
45
Interferential Current
2 sinusoidal AC outputs that differ in frequency when the 2 frequencies intersect they summate resulting in a BEAT (envelope). Polyphasic pulse of varying amplitude or amplitude modulated
46
Uses for TENS
Possible for the Management of Pain specific TENS with clinical application (Joint Mob, Exercise/ROM) Regain MS Force Joint ROM if they achieve strong motor contraction Decrease Chronic Edema NOT GOOD for use with small electrodes because of High RMS NOT GOOD FOR applications where polarity is needed (wound healing)
47
AC Russian Current Type of Burst
Time Modulated AC Each burst is a Polyphasic Pulse In accordance with the strength duration curve we must compensate for a short duration by increasing pulse amplitude to get excitation
48
AC Russian Current Phase Duration
Phase Durations (400 usec - 200 usec) is in a narrow range that correlates with relatively comfortable stimulation
49
AC Russian Current Modulation
If the current was not modulated it would be too much current, by allow rest it give a strong amount of current with interval rests
50
Uses of Russian Current
Regain MS Force if strong enough Regain ROM if strong enough MOtor Response/Contraction Decrease Chronic Edema NOT GOOD FOR use with small electrodes because of high RMS NOT GOOD FOR applications where polarity is needed
51
Pulsative Current
Noncontinuous Flow of Direct or Alternating Current
52
Pulsative Current Types
Monphasic "High Volt PC" Biphasic Safe current that can create Muscle Contractions Polyphasic Been used to refer the AC bursts as we discussed above
53
HVPC
Twin Peak Pulses Monophasic PC current with very short pulse durations (5-20 usec) Very High Current Amplitude (2000 to 2500 mA)
54
HVPC Amplitude and Duration
Because the Duration is so short, the Amplitude msut be so high to get excitation
55
HVPC Amplitude and Voltage
Because the Amplitude produced is so high the Voltage of the machine is very high
56
HVPC RMS Current
RMS Current is very low 1.2 to 1.5 mA Because the interpulse interval lasts so long (9900 usec) relative the actual time the current is flowing (100 usec) The very short pulse duration and high peak current make it fairly comfortable Effective for exciting easily Sensory Motor and Pain Fibers to a very versatile machine
57
HVPC Uses
Good for when polarity is needed (monophasic) for edema and wound healing Pain Management
58
Root Mean Square (RMS)
Root Mean Square (RMS) is an important concept in understanding the effects of current and in deciding which currents to use therapeutically
59
What is Root Mean Square (RMS)
RMS is a mathematically calculated value that represents the amount of current that goes into the tissue
60
Root Mean Square in relation to Tissue
It can be thought of as the power of the current or as the energy transferred into the tissue or in its simplest form, the AMOUNT OF HEAT CREATED IN THE TISSUE
61
Why are RMS levels important
RMS must be kept at appropriate levels to prevent tissue damage Too high will produce harmfull effects, decrease the comfort of the stimulation and therefore often the best possible effects.
62
Clinical Considerations of RMS
No established guide for levels of RMS. Use the lowest RMS Current density that you can to produce the desired physiological response
63
Current Density of RMS
Current density is determined is determined by dividing total current by the area of the electrode used
64
Suggested values for RMS Current
High End 10 mA/cm Conservative End 1.5-4 mA/cm
65
Currents that Produce High RMS MF Burst
MF Burst modulated AC RMS very high 50-100 mA Use Large Electrodes
66
Currents that Produce High RMS MF Beat
MF beat modulated AC RMS very high 50-90 mA Use Large Electrodes
67
Currents that Produce Lower RMS Monophasic Pulsed Current
Monophasic Pulsed Current RMS low 3-12 mA
68
Currents that Produce Lower RMS Biphasic Symmetrical Pulsed Current
Biphasic Symmetrical Pulsed Current RMS low 3-12 mA Because of the Long Interpulse Interval
69
Currents that Produce Lower RMS High Volt Pulsed Current
High Volt Pulsed Current RMS low 1.2-1.5 mA because of the short Pulse Duration and Long Interpulse Interval Target area with Small Electrodes or Target Electrodes to induce the desired response

526 Electro (2 decks)

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