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cardiovascular system > electrocardiography 1 > Flashcards

electrocardiography 1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

why cant you use a defibrillator when there is a flat line on anm ECG

A

it is an unshockable rhythm

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2
Q

what are electrodes

A

the things that you stick on the patient

conductive material in contact with the skin

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3
Q

what are wires

A

the things that attach to the electrodes

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4
Q

what are leads

A

perspective of heart activity from a given view

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5
Q

what is a vector

A

a quantity that has both magnitude and direction

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6
Q

how do you represent a vector

A

with an arrow in the net direction of movement

size reflects the magnitude

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7
Q

what is represented by an isoelectric line

A

no net change in voltage

vectors are perpendicular to lead

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8
Q

what does the width of deflection denote

A

the duration of the event

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9
Q

what is denoted by the steepness of the deflection

A

the velocity of the AP

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10
Q

which way do downward deflections travel

A

to the anode

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11
Q

which direction do upward deflections travel

A

to the cathode

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12
Q

what do you use to measure deflection

A

the cathode and the anode

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13
Q

when is there no isoelectric line between waves

A

when they overlap

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14
Q

describe the axis of an ECG

A

x = time (ECG paper/recording moves at a certain speed)
y = amplitude
one in the function of the other = velocity of wave forms

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15
Q

what do the combination of down and upstrokes denote

A

a wave

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16
Q

what is donated by P

A

atrial depolarisation

electrical impulse that propagates through the atrial muscle that causes contraction

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17
Q

why is there no atrial repolarisation

A

hidden by QRS

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18
Q

what is donated by QRS

A

electrical signal that stimulates the contraction opf the ventricles

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19
Q

what is donated by T

A

electrical signal that signifies ventricular relaxation/repolarisation

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20
Q

role of the sinoatrial node

A

starts conduction

spontaneously depolarising at a given rate

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21
Q

action of atrial myocardium

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A

rapidly conducts

22
Q

role of the AVN

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A

slow impulse to facilitate the mechanical activity of the heart
protective

23
Q

describe the bundle of His

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A

common bundle - bificates into L and R bundle branches
insulated
impulse can’t leave
impulse travels to the bottom of the ventricle
the insulation of the L branch is not as far as the R branch - L septum contracts first - right in middle so give rest of myocardium anchor to contract around
fibres go into apex - muscular

24
Q

role of nodal branches

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A

rapidly conduct impulse through atria, and to AVN

25
why is it important for the heart to contract upwards
because the great vessels leave at the top of the heart
26
why is lead 2 the best
it goes from cathode in right arm to left leg | which follows the direction of the heart from SAN to apex
27
describe the cardiac vectors
SAN causes P wave - not big, but broad - there is little muscle AVN depolarisation - isoelectric - gap between P and QRS end of isoelectric line - from impulse down bundle of his to mid septum - insulated and really fast Q wave - bundle branches - escaping bundle wave from L bundle branch - down because towards the -ve, really fast R - apex, lots of cells and lots of muscle - really to +ve electrode = massive spike ST - impulse up the walls of the ventricle - a lot of cavity T - reset - not big because no specific electrical event, broader than P
28
which is longer contraction/activation(systole)
contraction
29
features of the electrocardiogram
``` details - name and date and time (want to see change over time) where interval and axis each double big square is 1mv running speed - rate it would print 25mm/s 10mm/mv - double big square = 1mv .2 seconds for large square .04 seconds for a small square leads 1, 2, 3 - primary bipolar leads aVF, aVL, aVR - augmented leads V1-6 chest leads rhythm strip - evaluate rhythm HR intervals interpretation ```
30
leads that give inferior view of heart
2, 3 aVF
31
leads that give lateral view of heart
1 aVL V5 V6
32
leads that give an anterior view of the heart
V3 and V4
33
what are augmented leads calculated from
principle bipolar leads
34
which leads give a septal view of the heart
V1 and V2
35
Where does lead 1 measure
right arm to left arm
36
where does lead 2 measure
Right arm to L leg
37
where does lead 3 measure
L arm to L leg
38
which way do you read a lead
L to R top to bottom anode is always first
39
where are the chest leads placed
V1 - R sternal border (4th intercostal space) V2 - L sternal border (4th intercostal space) V3 - halfway between V2 and 4 V4 - midclavicular line level 5th intercostal space v5 - anterior axillary line - level of V4 v6 - mid axillary line - level of V4
40
why do you put on conductive spray
so you can read activity
41
features of the 12 leads
anode is the calculation for 9 leads
42
which leads are in the coronal plane
1-3 and augmented leads
43
which leads are in the horizontal plane
chest leads
44
what does it mean by bipolar leads
both anode and cathode are physical leads
45
hwo do you work out cardiac axis
calculate the net deflection for lead 2 and lead aVL use trig to calculate the angle subtract accordingly to make it from 0degrees
46
why is aVL small
it goes from bottom right to top left | shows the heart is on the correct side of the body
47
effect of ECG being subjective
have to make judgement calls how you act depends on the patient as a whole might be normal for them
48
effect of putting cables in a different place
different ECG
49
what happens during inspiration and expiration if you have arrhythmia
``` inspiration heart rate up expiration heart rate down this is respiratory sinus arrhythmia - breathing cycle affect heart beat heart rate controlled by PNS - slow down breath in remove inhibition ```
50
how many people have respiratory sinus anaemia
50%
51
which views of the heart link to which coronary arteries
``` lateral = LCx ( L circumflex) septal = LAD (L anterior descending) anterior = RCA (right coronary artery) ```

cardiovascular system (22 decks)

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