introduction to diagnostic imaging Flashcards

(56 cards)

1
Q

when was the X ray invented and by who

A

1985

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

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2
Q

when was the CT (computed tomography) invented and by who

A

1978

Sir Godfrey Hounsfield

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3
Q

when was the MRI invented and by who

A

1933

Sir Peter Mansfield

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4
Q

diagnostic imaging

A

use images to make a diagnosis

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5
Q

interventional radiology

A

image guided surgery

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6
Q

radiotherapy

A

high energy radiation - kill cancer

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7
Q

radiologist

A

dr specialising in interpretation of medical imaging

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8
Q

radiographer

A

technician

takes images

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9
Q

2 types of diagnostic imaging with ionising radiation

A

X ray and CT

Nuclear medicine - give radioisotopes and measure the radiation that comes out of them

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10
Q

diagnostic imaging without ionising radiation

A

ultrasound

MRI

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11
Q

issue with ionising radiation

A

small dose of cancer causeing substances - cause cancer in subsequent years

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12
Q

effect of ionising radiation with age

A

when younger, tehre is a higher incidence of developing cancer
but need to look at the risk benefit ratio

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13
Q

describe x-rays

A

tissue type affect attenuation of the x-rays
pass through low density air and fat - black (fat less black than air)
50% through soft tissue - grey
few through bone - white
metal/contrast agent -really white

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14
Q

why are lungs black on x ray

A

full of air

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15
Q

what would you see if there was a pneumonia in an x-ray

A

white because pus

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16
Q

in the thorax what cant an x ray distinguish between

A

heart muscle,
pericardium,
blood inside the heart

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17
Q

what could a white spot on an abdominal radiograph suggest

A

l sided kidney stone

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18
Q

what is used to improve radiography quality

A

contrast:
barium and iodine both very white
barium introduced by swallowing, enema?
iodine into artery or vein

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19
Q

describe CT

A

use X ray
tube spins
detector spins on opposite side
computer performs calculations to produce cross sectional map of tissue density

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20
Q

what can CT differentiate between that x ray cant

A

water and soft tissue

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21
Q

what is it called when CTs are expressed in different ways

A

CT windows

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22
Q

what are CT reconstructions

A

you can display them in any plane that you want to

allow you to see different things without scanning the patient again

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23
Q

describe the different planes

A

sagittal - down spine
axial - transverse, cut woman in half
coronal - like surgeons see

24
Q

describe contrast in CTs

A

iodine injected into an arm vein
enhances the bv
differentiate pathological from normal tissue
risks:
allergic reaction to iodine
if have kidney damage the iodine will make it worse

25
what does a PE look like on a CT
black hole
26
what do tumours look like on a CT
black hole | need contrast though because the density difference is nit enough for a normal CT
27
describe ultrasound
uses high frequency sound to make images - reflect of the tissue made and detected by a transducer - speaker and microphone 2D image no radiation hazard - completely safe
28
describe MRI
magnetism and radiofrequency waves strong magnet - supercoiled with helium. protons in bldy line up in 1 direction transmit radiowave pulses - cause different degrees of spin, they relax in a different way listen for radiowaves caused by the interaction with protons in the patients body different tissues give different intensities fo returned waves
29
bone colour on CT and MRI T1 and T2
CT - white | MRI- black
30
bone marrow colour on CT and MRI T1 and T2
Ct - grey | MRI - white
31
soft tissue on CT and MRI T1 and T2
grey | MRI more variable
32
fluid on CT and MRI T1 and T2
ct - dark grey MRI t1 - black MRI t2 - white
33
fat on CT and MRI T1 and T2
CT black | MRI white
34
air on CT and MRI T1 and T2
black
35
describe nuclear medicine
radioactive tracers that emit radiation - give isotope that is taken up by the tissue different tracers go to different organs or parts of the body images made by detecting the radiation by a gamma camera
36
normal bone scan with nuclear medicine
even uptake of bone trace
37
damaged bone scan with nuclear medicine
try to repair bone so more uptake in the damaged area - eg because of cancer
38
what do you see in a normal lung scan
ventelation and perfusion are the same
39
what do you see in lungs with a clot in a scan
ventilation normal but area missing off perfusion scan
40
describe positron emission tomography
detect metabolic or functional changes | effective in diagnosis of cancer and staging of cancer and if it is respinding to cancer
41
why do you combine pet and Ct
better anatomical location of cancer | faster and more specific than PET alone
42
terms that mean back
posterior | dorsal
43
terms that mean front
anterior | ventral
44
term that means closer to the edge
lateral
45
term that mans closer to the centre
medial
46
term that means towards the head
cranial
47
term that means towards the tail
caudal
48
when are dorsal and ventral used more
in embryology
49
what is the term for the top of the feet
dorsal
50
what is the term for the sole of the feet
plantar
51
term for palm of hand
palmar/volar
52
term for bottom of hand
dorsal
53
term for furthest away
distal
54
term for closest
proximal
55
why can you see the bowel clearly in an xray
gas v different density to soft tissue
56
benefits of CT
can make a 3D image | can inflate the colon with air and prevent the patient having to have a colonoscopy