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Nursing PDF > ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES & IV COMPLICATIONS > Flashcards

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES & IV COMPLICATIONS Flashcards

1
Q
  • it is the major electrolyte found in ECF.
  • it is also essential for acid-base, fluid balance, active & passive transport mechanism, irritability & conduction of nerve-muscle tissue
A

SODIUM

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2
Q

what are two illness occur during sodium imbalance?

A
  1. hypernatremia

2. hyponatremia

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3
Q

what are the s/s of HYPERNATREMIA?

A
  • Flushed skin
  • Restless, anxious, confused irritable
  • Increased BP & fluid retention
  • Edema (pitting)
  • Decreased Urine output
  • Skin flushed and dry
  • Agitation
  • Low grade fever
  • Thirst (dry mucous membranes)
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4
Q

what are the risk factors of HYPERNATREMIA?

A
  1. increased sodium intake
  2. increased water loss
  3. decreased sodium excretion
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5
Q

what causes the increase of sodium intake under the hypernatremia?

A
  • excess oral sodium ingestion
  • excess administration of IV fluids w/ sodium
  • hypertonic IV fluids
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6
Q

what causes the increase of water loss under the hypernatremia?

A
  • fever
  • watery diarrhea
  • diabetes insipidus
  • excessive diaphoresis
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7
Q

what should be the management if there is a fluid loss in the patient?

A

administer IV infusions

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8
Q

what should you do as a nurse if the patient has inadequate renal excretion of sodium?

A

give diuretics that helps promote sodium loss

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9
Q

what is the appropriate diet for the patient with hypernatremia?

A

restricting sodium and fluid intake as prescribed

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10
Q

what are the s/s of HYPONATREMIA?

A
  • Stupor / coma
  • Anorexia (nausea & vomiting)
  • Lethargy
  • Tachycardia
  • Limp muscles (muscle weakness)
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Seizures / headaches
  • Stomach cramping (hyperactive bowels)
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11
Q

what are the risk factors of HYPONATREMIA?

A
  1. increased sodium excretion
  2. inadequate sodium intake
  3. kidney disease
  4. syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
  5. heart failure
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12
Q

what causes the increase of sodium excretion under the hyponatremia?

A
  • excessive diaphoresis
  • diuretics
  • vomiting & diarrhea
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13
Q

what causes the inadequate of sodium intake under the hyponatremia?

A

Fasting, NPO, low-salt diet

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14
Q

what is the appropriate diet for the patient with hyponatremia?

A

increasing oral sodium intake

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15
Q

what should you do as a nurse if hyponatremia is due to hypovolemia?

A

give IV sodium chloride infusions

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16
Q

what should you do as a nurse if hyponatremia is due to hypervolemia?

A

give osmotic diuretics

17
Q

it plays vital role in cell metabolism, transition of nerve impulses, functioning of heart, lungs & muscle tissues, and acid-base balance.

A

POTASSIUM

18
Q

what are two illness occur during potassium (K) imbalance?

A
  1. hyperlakemia

2. hypolakemia

19
Q

what are the s/s of HYPERLAKEMIA?

A
  • Muscle Cramps
  • Urine Abnormalities
  • Respiratory Distress
  • Decreased cardiac contractility
  • ECG changes
  • Reflexes
20
Q

how does ECG change during hyperlakemia?

A
  1. Tall peaked T waves
  2. Flat T waves
  3. Widened QRS complexes
  4. Prolonged PR intervals
21
Q

what are the risk factors of HYPERLAKEMIA?

A
  1. excessive K intake
  2. rapid infusions of K containing IV solutions
  3. decreased K excretion
  4. K-retaining diuretics
  5. kidney d/s
  6. adrenal insufficiency (addison’s d/s)
  7. tissue dmg
  8. acidosis
  9. hyperuricemia
  10. hypercatabolism
22
Q

what are the management done for hyperlakemia?

A
  1. discontinue IV & PO potassium
  2. administering K-excreting diuretics
  3. prepare administration of IV calcium & IV hypertonic glucose
  4. avoid usage of salt substitutes or other K-containing substance
23
Q

what should be diet required for patients with hyperlakemia?

A

K-restricted diet

24
Q

if the sodium of the patient is in a critically high level, what should be the management?

A

prepare the client for dialysis

25
Q

what other d/d does K imbalance causes that can be life-threatening for the patient?

A

cardiac dysrhythmias

26
Q

what are the s/s of HYPOLAKEMIA?

A
  • Paresthesias
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Shallow respirations
  • Thready, weak, irregular pulse
  • Constipation (Hypoactive bowel sounds)
  • Anxiety, Lethargy, confusion, coma
  • Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention
  • ECG Changes
  • Hyporeflexia
27
Q

how does ECG change during hypolakemia?

A
  1. ST depression
  2. Shallow or inverted T wave
  3. Prominent U wave
28
Q

what are the risk factors of HYPOLAKEMIA?

A
  1. Actual total body K loss
  2. Inadequate K intake
  3. Movement of K from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid
  4. Dilution of serum K
29
Q

what causes the inadequate of K intake under the hypolakemia?

A

NPO, Fasting

30
Q

what causes the movement of K from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid under the hypolakemia?

A
  1. Alkalosis

2. hyperinsulinism

31
Q

what causes the dilution of serum K under the hypolakemia?

A
  1. water intoxication

2. IV therapy with K-deficient solutions

32
Q

what are the management for hypokalemia?

A
  1. Administering oral K supplements
  2. Liquid K Cl
  3. K-retaining diuretics
33
Q

what should be done instead since K is never administered via IV push, IM or subQ?

A

IV K should always be diluted & administered via an infusion device.

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