Electrolyte Status

Question 1

hypernatremia tx

Answer 1

conservative fluid replacement

Question 2

hyperkalemia causes

Answer 2

oliguric renal failure, hypoaldosteronism, extensive tissue trauma, excess administration, high K+ intake, rapid transfusion of aged stored blood, potassium conserving diuretics, use of salt substitutes

Question 3

result of rapid fluid replacement

Answer 3

rebound cerebral edema

Question 4

hypocalcemia causes

Answer 4

inadequate vitamin D, hypoparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, malabsorption syndrome, drugs c calcium lowering effects, iron

Question 5

hyperkalemia s/s

Answer 5

vague muscle weakness, parasthesia of face, feet, and hands, cardiac arrhythmias/bradycardia, flaccid muscle paralysis

Question 6

hypophosphatemia tx

Answer 6

IV administration of phosphates (Kphos)

Question 7

hyperkalemia tx

Answer 7

K+ diet restriction, insulin/glucose, parenteral bicarb, dialysis

Question 8

normal serum sodium

Answer 8

135 - 145 mEq/L

Question 9

hyperphosphatemia tx

Answer 9

phosphate-binding medications: phoslo, amphojel

Question 10

trousseau’s sign

Answer 10

seizing of forearm when sphygmomanometer is applied

Question 11

functions of magnesium

Answer 11

plays a major role in glucose, protein metabolism; nerve transmission

Question 12

causes of water gains

Answer 12

excess administration of water in tube feeds, excess D5W, psychogenic polydipsia, SIADH

Question 13

hypokalemia causes

Answer 13

poor dietary intake, vimiting/diarrhea/GI suction, K+ depleting diuretics, hyperaldosteronism

Question 14

functions of potassium

Answer 14

primarily in ICF, cell membrane excitability (particularly cardiac), protein synthesis, acid-base balance

Question 15

hypomagnesemia causes

Answer 15

chronic alcoholism (malnutrition and malabsorption), GI losses, intestinal malabsorption syndromes, prolonged administration of Mg-free IV fluids

Question 16

functions of phosphate

Answer 16

storage/use of energy (ATP), mitosis, cell membrane integrity

Question 17

hypernatremia causes

Answer 17

water deprivation, watery diarrhea, increased insensible losses, excess administration of sodium fluids, profuse sweating without fluid replacement, near drowning in salt water, diabetes insipidus

Question 18

fluid volume deficit causes

Answer 18

loss of water; decreased intake

Question 19

hyponatremia tx

Answer 19

replace sodium, possible fluid restrictions

Question 20

hyperphosphatemia s/s

Answer 20

short term: tetany

long term: soft tissue calcifications

Question 21

fluid volume excess causes

Answer 21

CHF, excessive sodium, renal disease, excess admin na parenteral, administration of blood products to pt c severe edema

Question 22

hypermagnesemia causes

Answer 22

renal failure, severe extracellular fluid depletion, MgSO4 admin, overuse of antacids containing magnesium

Question 23

FVD labs

Answer 23

increased hct and bun

Question 24

hypomagnesemia s/s

Answer 24

increased reflexes, positive chvostek’s and trousseau’s, convulsions, mood changes, hallucinations

Question 25

normal serum calcium

Answer 25

8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL

Question 26

hypermagnesemia early s/s

Answer 26

flushing/warmth, N/V, mild hypotension: vasolidation | drowsiness, hypoactive reflexes, weakness

Question 27

hypermagnesemia tx

Answer 27

vent, parenteral calcium gluconate

Question 28

minimum adjust time for severe hypernatremia

Answer 28

36 - 48 hours

Question 29

FVD tx

Answer 29

replacement

Question 30

functions of calcium

Answer 30

normal transmission of nerve impulses, blood clotting

Question 31

severe hypernatremia s/s

Answer 31

hallucinations, disorientaton, irritability when stimulated, lethargy when left alone, seizures, coma

Question 32

normal urine specific gravity

Answer 32

1.015

Question 33

hypermagnesemia causes

Answer 33

renal failure, severe extracellular fluid depletion, MgSO4 admin, overuse of antacids containing magnesium

Question 34

hyponatremia s/s

Answer 34

N/V and anorexia, confusion, lethargy, HA, muscle twitching, seizures, coma

Question 35

hypokalemia tx

Answer 35

mild: dietary increase, supplementation severe: IV replacement c telemetry

Question 36

hypocalcemia tx

Answer 36

supplementation c vitamin D, IV calcium glutonate with seizure precautions

Question 37

normal serum potassium

Answer 37

3.5 - 5

Question 38

functions of sodium

Answer 38

nerve conduction, water regulation, muscular activity

Question 39

hypercalcemia s/s

Answer 39

muscle weakness, tiredness, decreased memory/attention span, confusion, renal stones, neurotic behavior, bradycardia/cardiac arrest

Question 40

hypercalcemia tx

Answer 40

increase excretion of calcium in urine

Question 41

hypomagnesemia tx

Answer 41

mild: supplementation (oral or parenteral) severe: IV MgSO4 (monitor urinary output and respirations)

Question 42

mild hypernatremia s/s

Answer 42

thirst, dry mucous membranes

Question 43

hypophosphatemia s/s

Answer 43

muscular weakness, parasthesia, mental changes, acute respiratory failure

Question 44

normal serum magnesium

Answer 44

1.8 - 2.6 mg/dL

Question 45

hypermagnesemia late s/s

Answer 45

depressed reflexes, absent deep tendon reflexes

Question 46

hyponatremia causes

Answer 46

loss of sodium, gains of water

Question 47

hyperphosphatemia causes

Answer 47

renal disease, high intake, hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism

Question 48

hypophosphatemia causes

Answer 48

phosphate binding antacids/meds, re-feeding after starvation

Question 49

hypocalcemia s/s

Answer 49

twitching, seizing, chvostek's and trousseau's signs, tingling of fingers and toes, laryngeal spasms, mental changes

Question 50

hypokalemia s/s

Answer 50

muscle weakness, fatige, hyperglycemia, increased dig sensitivity, cardiac arrhythmias

Question 51

fluid volume deficit symptoms

Answer 51

dry skin/mm, decreased turgor, rapid wt loss, altered sensorium, decreased urinary output, weak, rapid pulse, slow filling hand veins, postural hypotension, marked oliguria

Question 52

hypercalcemia causes

Answer 52

parathyroidism, excess administration of vitamin D, calcium antacids, milk alkali syndrome, prolonge immobilization

Question 53

FVE tx

Answer 53

diuretics, fluid restriction

Question 54

FVE s/s

Answer 54

acute weight gain, peripheral/periorbital edema, moist rales in lungs, bounding/full pulse, polyuria (c normal renal function), possible pleural effusion

Question 55

normal serum phosphate

Answer 55

3.0 - 4.5 mg/dL

Question 56

FVE labs

Answer 56

decreased hct and bun

Question 57

causes of sodium loss

Answer 57

diuretic use, GI fluid loss, nephritis, adrenal insufficiency