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Fluid and electrolytes > Electrolytes > Flashcards

Electrolytes Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Sodium

A

135-145

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2
Q

Pottassium

A

3.5- 5.0

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3
Q

Phosphate

A

3-4.5

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4
Q

Magnesium

A

1.3-2.1

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5
Q

Chloride

A

97-107

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6
Q

Calcium

A

9.0-10.5

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7
Q

Importance of electrolytes

A
  • Regulate water distribution.
  • Govern acid-base balance.
  • Transmit nerve impulses.
  • Contribute to energy generation and blood clotting.
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8
Q

Major ICF electrolytes

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate

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9
Q

major cations

A

hydrogen
magnesium
pottassium
calcium
sodium

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10
Q

Major anions

A

bicarbonate
phosphate
chloride

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11
Q

Major ECF

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

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12
Q

Functions of sodium

A

Fluid distribution
Nerve/muscle impulses
Acid-base balance

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13
Q

How is sodium regulated

A

In the kidneys by the SODIUM POTASSIUM pump
Regulated by secretion of aldosterone and ANP

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14
Q

Sources of sodium

A

Breads, cereals, chips, cheese, processed meats such as lunch meats, hot dogs, bacon, ham
Commercially canned foods
Table salt

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15
Q

In hyponatremia Water moves from
_________to the ______causing
the cells to swell

A

From ECF to cells

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16
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

**Increased excretion: **
* Vomiting/diarrhea/sweat
* Wound drainage
* SIADH- ↑ADH holds on to water and dilutes Na
* Addisson’s disease-↓Aldosterone causes wasting of Na and K retention
* Kidney disease
* Thiazide diuretics
* * Fluid Overload – CHF, hypotonic IVF, Renal Failure
Dilution of sodium via hypotonic solutions, excess intake of water, hyperglycaemia

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
SALT LOSS

A

SALT LOSS
Seizures and stupors
Abdominal cramps, overactive bowel sounds, diarrhea
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes <
Loss of appetite
Orthostatic hypotension,
Shallow respirations
spasms (Muscle)

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18
Q

Nursing interventions for hyponatremia
ADD SALT

A

Administer IV saline solutions.
Diuretics or dialysis
Daily weights
Safety due to orthostatic hypotension
Airway precautions
Limit water intake
Teach sodium diet

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19
Q

Hypernatremia is too much __________ and not enough _______

A

salt
water

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20
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypernatremia
NOFRIEDFOODS

A

NO FRIED FOODS
F = fatigue, fever
R = restless, agitated
confused
I = increased reflexes
(seizure/coma)
E = extreme thirst*
D = decreased urine
output, dry
mouth/skin

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21
Q

Causes of hypernatremia
HIGHSALT

A

HIGH SALT
Hypercortisolism ( Cushing’s syndrome)
Increased sodium intake
GI tube feeding, diabetes, diarrhea
Hypertonic IV solutions

Sodium excretion decreases (Corticosteroids)
Aldosterone problems
Loss of fluids
Thirst impairment

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22
Q

Functions of potassium

Study These Flashcards
A

Fluid balance
Muscle contraction
Elecrical conductivity
Acid-base balance

23
Q

How is potassium regulated

Study These Flashcards
A

Sodium
potassium pump
pH level

24
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypokalemia
7 Ls

Study These Flashcards
A

L = lethargic
L = low/shallow
respirations/ pulse
L = lethal cardiac
dysrhythmias
(Also: ↓ST, ↓T,
↑U)
L = loss of urine
L = leg cramps
L = limp muscles
L = low BP & HR

25
Interventions of hyperkaleamia MDKID
Monitor EKG (high ST and T waves) Diet- No salt substitutes like fruits and green leafy veggies. K- Kayexalete IV , Insulin, Albuterol * Sodium bicarbonate-acidosis * Calcium gluconate glue muscles Diuretics/ dialysis Furosemide- loop hydrochlorothiazide
26
Causes of hypokalemia 5Ds
Diuretics (loop D. wasting) Diarrhea/vomiting/suction (laxatives,enema,ileostomy,fistula) Drains (gastric suctioning) Dehydration Diet (Inadequate intake) Corticosteroids- Cushing’s (↑ cortisol → ↓’s K and ↑’s Na) Too much insulin K moves into the cell Starvation
27
Nursing interventions of hypokalemia
High K diet Oral K supplements I.V. K therapy K-sparing diuretic, if needed
28
Causes of hyperkalemia MACHINE
Medications (spiranoloctone) Acidosis (NK pump is overworking) Cellular disruption (Burns and trauma) Hypoaldosteronism- Addison’s disease ↓aldosterone → ↓Na, ↑K Increased K intake Nephron impairement Excretion problems (Dialysis pts) ACE inhibitors NSAIDS
29
Signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia MURDER
M = muscle weakness, cramps, paralysis U = urinary output ↓ - oliguria R = respiratory failure D = decreased heart contractility weak pulse, low BP and ↓HR E = early muscle twitching/cramps R = rhythm changes:peaked T waves & prolonged PR
30
Pottassium rich foods Potassium
Potatoes Oranges Tomatoes Avocados Strawberries fIsh Mushrooms and melons
31
How is potassium administered?
Never administer potassium as an IV bolus or IV push. It should be administered as dilute solution.
32
Functions of magnesium in the blood
Calming muscles (mainly in the heart and uterus) Calcium and vitamin D absorption. Strong bones Blood glucose ATP production and carbohydrate metabolism Production of PTH
33
Causes of Hypomagnesemia CRAY
Consumtion of alcohol (Stops magnesium absorption). Really large fluid loss Antibiotics (Aminoglyccerides), Alcoholism Young mothers (Risk for malnutrition) Diuretics, Diarrhea Hypercalcemia Hemodialysis
34
Signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia
Altered LOC * Delusions, hallucinations * Dysphagia * Increased muscle/nerve activity (↑ or ↓?) * increased deep tendon reflexes (Clonus) * ECG changes * Arrhythmias (tachy) * Seizures * Diarrhea
35
Interventions of hypomagnesemia SIM
Safety with swallow- increased muscle tone IV magnesium sulfate (Give slowly) Monitor vital signs EKG
36
Foods rich in magnesium CAMPONBANANAS
chocolate, cauliflower avocado milk pork/peanut butter oranges nuts bananas
37
causes of hypermagnesemia DARK
DKA- Diabetic ketoacidosis Antacids Renal failure K-Excess potassium
38
Symptoms of hypermagnesemia
Vitals calm and quiet Cardiac dysrhythmias GI -hypoactive bowel sounds Drwosiness and lethargy Dimished DTR
39
Interventions of hypermagnesemia HIM
Hemodialysis IV calcium gluconate -glue muscles for less twitching Monitor labs and DTRs
40
Importance of calcium
Bone and teeth Muscle and nerve clotting Gut absorbs, stored in bones
41
Causes of hypocalcemia
Low parathyroid-hypoparathyroid Oral intake reduced Wound drainage Celiac's disease + Crohn's (Malabsorption) Acute pancreatitis Low Vit D deficiency Increased phosphorus Using medications (Magnesium suppliments, laxatives, diuretics Mobility issues Alcoholism | LOWCALCIUM
42
Causes of hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism Increased intake Glucocorticosteroids Hyperthyrodism Calcium excretion reduced Adrenal insuficiency Lithium usage
43
Interventions of hypocalcemia
Calcium and vitamin D (*tetany) Calcium gluconate (10%) Watch for bleeding gums and mucous membranes Watch for dysrhythmias Calcium is very irritating so check IV site Safety- swallow, falls
44
Interventions of hypercalcemia
Hydrate to prevent kidney stones Monitor cardiac, GI, renal,neuro Decrease calcium rich foods and vitamin D
45
Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia
Confusion Reflex hyperactive Arrhythmias Muscle spasm Positive Trousseau's Sign of Chvostek's | CRAMPS
46
Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia ## Footnote The body becomes too weak.
The body is too WEAK Weakness of muscles EKG changes- short QT Absence of reflex, abdominal distention Kidney stones, flank pain, check urine Safety from falls
47
Uses of chloride
Acid-base balance Digestion - HCL Fluid balance (With sodium)
48
Causes of hypochloremia
GI-vomit, gastric suction, ileostomy Diuretics (Thiazides) Burns and cystic fibrosis Fluid volume overload- dilute
49
Causes of hyperchloremia
Too much sodium Hypertonic solutions Not drinking Too much diarrhea Conn's too much aldosteron
50
Symptoms of hypochloremia
Dehydration Decreased BP Fever Vomiting
51
Symptoms and signs of hyperchloremia
FRIED Fatigue Restless Increased respiration EXTREME THIRST Decreased urinary output
52
Interventions of hypochloremia
Check sodium levels Neuro status, respiratory status Seizure precautions Intake and outputs Daily weights Chloride/sodium rich foods
53
Interventions of hyperchloremia
Hold sodium/chloride foods/ hypertonic solution Instead Use lactated ringer Collect I&Os, daily weights May have hyperkalemia
54
Foods rich in calcium
Yoghurt Sardine Cheese Spinach Collard greenTofu Rhubarb Milk

Fluid and electrolytes (6 decks)

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