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Rad Physics > Electromagnetism > Flashcards

Electromagnetism Flashcards

1
Q

Photon

A

smallest quantity of any time of EM radiation, atom of light

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2
Q

Properties of photons

A

Move at speed of light; travel in a sine wave

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3
Q

Properties of EM radiation

A

frequency, velocity, amplitude, wavelength

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4
Q

Frequency

A

Waves per second (Hz); =velocity/wavelength

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5
Q

Velocity

A

distance in time (m/s); =frequency*wavelength

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6
Q

Amplitude

A

intensity of the wave

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7
Q

Wavelength

A

A=velocity/frequency

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8
Q

Electromagnetic Wave equation

A

C = frequency*wavelength (frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional)

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9
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

I1/I2 = (d2/d1)^2

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10
Q

Wave-Particle Duality

A

Electromagnetic radiation has properties of both a wave and a particle (travel through space as a wave and have ability to ionize)

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11
Q

Electromagnetic Spectrum

A

Gamma Rays (highest energy, highest frequency, shortest wavelength), UV light, Visible light, Infared, microwaves, radiofrequency (lowest energy, lowest frequency, longest wavelength)

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12
Q

Radiopaque

A

absorb x-rays; bone (absorption-high atomic number)

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13
Q

Radiolucent

A

transmit x-rays; soft tissue (transmission-low atomic number)

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14
Q

Attenuation

A

light is transmitted but scattered (translucent)

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15
Q

Particle Model: Quantum Theory

A

x-rays are identified by their energy in eV (typically 10 keV - 50 MeV

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16
Q

Planck’s Constant

A

photon energy is directly proportional to photon frequency

E=hf (h=4.15X10^-15 eVs)

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17
Q

Planck’s Quantum Equation

A

F=E/h

E=hc/wavelength

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18
Q

Electrostatics

A

branch of physics that deals with stationary or resting charges

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19
Q

Electrification

A

process by which electrons are added or ejected from matter, making the atom charged (too few or too many electrons)

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20
Q

Electrons

A

smallest unit of electron charge

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21
Q

methods of electrification

A

friction, contact, induction

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22
Q

Induction

A

electrical fields interact without touching

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23
Q

Conductors

A

copper, aluminum

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24
Q

Insulators

A

plastic, rubber, glass, wood

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25
Q

Semi-conductors

A

silicon, germanium

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26
Q

Law #1 electrostatic force

A

like charges repel, unlike charges attract

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27
Q

Law #2 Coulomb’s Law

A

electrostatic force is directly proportional to the product of the electrostatic charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

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28
Q

Law #3 Distribution

A

Electric charge distribution is uniform throughout the surface

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29
Q

Law #4 Concentration

A

concentration of charges on a curved surface is greatest where the curvature s greatest

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30
Q

Law #5 Movement

A

only negative charges can move in solid conductors

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31
Q

Electric potential unit

A

Volt

32
Q

Current unit

A

Ampere (1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second)

33
Q

Resistance unit

A

Ohm

34
Q

Current

A

quantity of electrons flowing

35
Q

Resistance

A

amount of opposition to the current in the circuit

36
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

electric potential = current x resistance

37
Q

Magnetism

A

materials that exert an attractive or repulsive force on other materials

38
Q

Natural magnet

A

earth

39
Q

Artificial permanent magnet

A

horse shoe & bar magnets made of iron

40
Q

Electromagnets

A

wire wrapped around an iron core with electric current

41
Q

Laws of magnetism

A

every magnet has two poles; Like charges repel, unlike charges attract; lines of magnetic field leave north pole and enter south pole

42
Q

Magnetic dipole

A

electrons rotate around a nucleus creating a magnetic field which causes the nucleus to spin on its axis

43
Q

Non-magnetized Domain

A

magnetic dipoles are randomly organized

44
Q

Magnetized Domain

A

magnetic dipoles point in one direction when under influence of an external magnetic field

45
Q

Magnetic Induction

A

non-magnetized matter placed along field line of a magnet will temporarily become magnetized and take on the properties of the magnet but will have opposite direction of field lines

46
Q

Types of Magnetic Materials

A

Diamagnetic, ferromagnetic, paramagnetic

47
Q

Diamagnetic

A

weakly repelled by either magnetic pole; water, plastic, copper

48
Q

Ferromagnetic

A

strongly attracted by a magnet and can usually be permanently magnetized; iron, cobalt, nickel

49
Q

paramagnetic

A

slightly attracted to a magnet and loosely influenced by an external magnetic field; gadolinium

50
Q

Electromagnetic Phenomena

A

moving charged particles produce magnetic fields; a charge at rest produces no magnetic field (Oersted’s experiment)

51
Q

Right Hand Rule

A

thumb=current

fingers=magnetic field lines

52
Q

Helix

A

coil of wire

53
Q

Solenoid

A

helix that has an electric current running through it and will act like a magnet by producing a north and south pole

54
Q

Electromagnet

A

solenoid with iron core; adding iron increases intensity of magnetic field

55
Q

Right hand rule for electromagnets

A

thumb=north pole and magnetic field lines

fingers=current

56
Q

Faraday’s Experiment

A

Placing a magnet next to a coil didn’t produce current until the magnet was moved back and forth by the coil

57
Q

3 ways to create motion between lines of force & a conductor

A

move the conductor
move magnetic lines of force
vary magnetic flux

58
Q

Faraday’s Law

A

magnitude of the induced current depends on the strength of the magnetic field, velocity of magnetic field, number of turns in the conductor, angle of conductor to magnetic field

59
Q

Mutual Induction

A

generation of an alternating current in a secondary coil by supplying an alternating current to the primary coil

60
Q

Lenz’s Law

A

an induced current flows in the direction that opposes the magnetic field change that induces it

61
Q

Self Induction

A

alternating current flows through a single coil of wire

62
Q

Alternating current

A

electric current that changes direction several times a second

63
Q

Electric generator

A

converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

64
Q

Simple AC generator

A

single loop of wire rotated mechanically between the poles of a magent

65
Q

Direct Current generator

A

AC generator with commutator ring which makes nondirectional current

66
Q

Electric motor

A

generator with electric current through the wire

67
Q

AC motor

A

as current alternates direction, magnetic field alternates polarity

68
Q

DC motor

A

commutator ring reverses the direction in the coils

69
Q

Induction motor

A

powers the rotating anode of an x-ray tube

70
Q

Transformer

A

transforms electric potential to a higher or lower voltage

71
Q

Step-up Transformer

A

voltage of secondary coil is higher than primary coil

72
Q

Step-down Transformer

A

voltage of primary coil is higher than secondary coil

73
Q

Properties of X-rays

A

highly penetrating; electrically neutral; invisible; form of electromagnetic radiation; wide variety of energies and wavelengths; release small amounts of heat; travel in straight lines

74
Q

Oersted’s experiment

A

compass next to long straight wire pointed north with no current but pointed toward wire with current

75
Q

Closed Core Transformer

A

square of ferromagnetic material; coils on opposite sides; helps reduce energy loss

76
Q

Shell-type transformer

A

two coils around center rod; most efficient

77
Q

Autotransformer

A

single coil around a iron core; base on self induction; not suitable for use of x-ray machines

Rad Physics (1 decks)

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