Electronic Structure Flashcards
(27 cards)
Energy levels
Quantum shells which the electrons in an atom are arranged
Shells
Numbered from one- the lowest energy level, shells further from the nucleus have a higher energy level
Shell 1 can hold ..,
2
Shell 2 can hold
8
Shell 3 can hold
18
Shell 4 can hold
32
S subshell
Contains one orbital. Hold max of 2 electrons. Spherical shapes
P subshell
Contains 3 orbitals, therefore 6 electrons. Dumbbell shape. Right angles to eschtoehr
D subshell
Contains 5 orbitals so 10 electrons.
F subshell
Contains 7 sub shells so 14 electrons
Orbitals
Bit if space that an electron moves in , orbitals within same subshell have same amount of energy. Orbital can be empty, contain one or two. If two, must have oppistite spins
Aufbau principle
Electrons fill subshells in order of increasing energy
Hunds rule
Within subshell, orbitals first occupier singularly
Paulis exclusion principle
2 electrons in an orbital must have opposite spins
Chromium and copper
Exceptions, they donate one of their 4s electrons to the 3d subshell, as they are more stable
Ionisation enthalpy
Involves loss of an electron to form positive ion. Ions can be further ionised. Energy is needed for ionisation to happen, therefore endothermic reaction
First ionisation energy
Energy needed to remove one electron from each atom in 1 mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 moles of gaseous ions with single positive charge
Ionisation enthalpy depend on.,,
Nuclear charge
-more protons there are in nucelius, stronger attraction
Electron shell
-further away from nucleus, weaker forces of attraction are
Shielding
-weaker forces of attraction
Down a groups, the ionisation energy…
Decreases, becomes easier to remove outer electrons
Across a period, ionisation energy…
Increases as it becomes harder to remove outer electron
Why do ionisation energies rise
Closer to shell
Less shielding
Positive ions
Other subshell
Steps of mass spectrometry- vapourisation
Sample is turned into gas
Stage 1
Steps of mass spec
Ionisation
Gas particles bombarded with high energy electrons to ionise them. Knocked off particles leaving positive ions
Stage 2
Steps of mass spec
Acceleration
Positive ions are accelerated by electric field
Stage 3
