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Electrophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

RMP

A

Resting Membrane Potential

-90 mV for a motor neuron

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2
Q

Which region is negatively charged RELATIVE to the other?

A

Intracellular surface relative to extracellular surface

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3
Q

Resting motor neuron has a high [intracellular] of ____ and [extracellular] of _______

A

K+

Na+

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4
Q

Na/K ATPase is essential for maintaining

A

Resting electrochemical gradients for electrogenic cells

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5
Q

EMF

A

Electromotive Force

Tendency for ion to move in one direction or another

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6
Q

EMG is dependent on (2)

A

Na, K, Cl concentrations

Membrane permeability of the ions

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7
Q

RMP is set by

A

K concentration gradient across cell membrane

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8
Q

What happens if plasma K is elevated?

A

Concentration gradient is lowered across cell membrane
RMP is less negative
Membrane depolarizes (less K is leaving)

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9
Q

Larger the K concentration gradient =

A

Greater negativity in cell

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10
Q

AP can be recorded and measured as

A

Electric current (INa+)

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11
Q

If voltage-dependent gates are open then….

A

There’s a significant change in net ionic flux

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12
Q

3 general phases of AP

A
  1. Resting
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
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13
Q

Resting phase

A

Polarized

In RMP

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

Inc. permeability to Na due to opening of voltage-gated channels
Membrane becomes less negative

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15
Q

Threshold potential

A

Membrane voltage where INa+ isn’t opposed by any other forces

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16
Q

Towards end of depolarization, what happens?

A

Voltage gated K being to open to diffuse out of the cell

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17
Q

Repolarization

A

Voltage gated Na close

Voltage gated K stay open since membrane is still permeable

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18
Q

2 types of voltage gated Na channels

A

Activation (extracellular side)

Inactivation (cytoplasmic side)

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19
Q

Resting conformation for voltage gated Na channel

A

Inactivation gates open

Activation gates closed

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20
Q

Depolarization conformation for voltage gated Na channels

A

Inactivation and activation gates open

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21
Q

Repolarization conformation for voltage gated Na channels

A

Inactivation and activation gates closed

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22
Q

Voltage gated Na and K channels are ________ dependent for _______

A

Voltage and time

Activation and inactivation

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23
Q

Greatest % of K channels open around

A

60mV

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24
Q

Voltage gated Ca channels are _________ activating

A

Slow

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25
2 types of Ca channels
L- type (long) | T- type (transient)
26
T-type channels
Pacemaker of SA node | Activate and inactivate over more negative Vm
27
L-type channels
Plateau phase of AP in vascular SM and cardiac myocytes | High threshold for activation
28
Threshold potential can be changed in response to
Physiological conditions | Ex: temperature, hypoxia, pH, anesthesia
29
Subthreshold stimuli activate _____ to allow _____ influx
Ligand gated Na channels | Na
30
Graded potentials are proportional in ______ to the ______
Amplitude | Stimulus strength
31
Graded potentials are also known as ______
Subthreshold changes in membrane potential
32
2 types of graded potentials
Excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSP) | Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (IPSP)
33
To reach threshold, some graded potentials can ______ which is common in regulating communication between ______ and ______
Summate Neurons (neuroneruonal transmission) Motor neurons and skeletal muscle (neuromuscular)
34
Absolute Refractory Period
Also known as effective refractory period | Another AP can't be initiated while Na inactivation gates are closed
35
Absolute refractory periods extends until
Enough voltage gated na channels are in resting conformation
36
Relative Refractory Period
Limited APs can be generated during the recovery phase which a strong enough stimulus
37
proper Na and K concentration needed for RMP is restored by
Na/K ATPase
38
How many APs can be fired before the [Na] and [K] prevents generating another AP
100,000 - 150,000
39
Common stimuli of APs are (6)
``` Ions Neurotransmitters Mechanical manipulation of neural tissue Electric current Electromagnetic energy Pharmacological agents ```
40
AP spread electrical activity to ______ of the plasma membrane due to migration of _____ between the ______ area and __________ regions of resting plasma membrane
Adjacent portions Na+ Depolarizes area Adjacent
41
Migration of Na induces: (3)
1. Membrane depolarization of adjacent regions 2. Activation of voltage gated Na channels 3. AP
42
An AP is propagated from the _______, along the ______ via a series of _________
Initial activation site Membrane Na induced depolarizations
43
Myelin (2)
Phospholipid/cholesterol substance | Formed by Schwann cells
44
Myelin sheath
Prevents conductivity
45
AP are NOT generated where?
Within myelin
46
AP can only be generates in the
Nodes of Ranvier
47
Saltatory conduction requires less ______ than the _____
Energy | Cable-like conduction of AP in non-myelinated neurons
48
Repolarization always relies on
K (Potassium!)
49
SA node maintains
Cardiac rate and rhythm
50
HCN channels stand for
Hyperpolarized-activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated
51
During the depolarization phase in pacemaker potentials, ________ subsequently inactivate
T-type Ca channels
52
Hyperpolarization of Pacemaker potential is needed in order to
Reactivate HCN channels to allow the process to repeat
53
Plateau potentials regulate
Cardiomyocyte contractility
54
Inward positive current results in
Depolarization
55
Outward positive current OR inward negative current results in
Repolarization or hyperpolarization
56
Plateau potential steps (4)
1. Na influx (depolarization) 2. Transient K dependent repolarization 3. Activate voltage gated Ca channels (moves in), outward K flow 4. Diff. Isoform of K channel activated (repolarization)
57
Nociceptors
Mediate pain signal | Somatic sensory receptors
58
Nociceptor afferents are ______ and consist of ______ and _______ fibers
Nerve fibers relaying into CNS Myelinated Unmyelinated
59
Myelinated fibers are (3):
Medium to large diameter Fast conducting Relay fast pain (sharp, intense)
60
Type C pain afferents (4):
Small diameter Unmyelinated Slow conducting Relay sensations of dull, burning pain
61
Local anesthetics work by
Reversible blocking AP
62
Local anesthetics are usually _____ at pH ____ and are _____
Weak bases 7.4 Lipid soluble
63
How does an anesthetic work? (4)
1. Protonation due to acidic intracellular pH of neuron 2. Bind to receptor site of voltage gated Na channel 3. Prevents activation gate from opening 4. Neuron can't depolarize and fire AP so pain signal isn't relayed
64
2 ways a synaptic transmission (AP) is relayed
1. Neuroneuronal (between neurons) | 2. Neuromuscular (between neurons and affector tissues)
65
Synaptic Transmission steps: (6)
1. Voltage gated Ca channels open 2. Can flows into nerve terminus 3. Ca dependent signaling 4. Synaptic vessicles fuse to pre-synaptic membrane (on intracellular side) 5. Neurotransmitters released into synapse 6. Ligand binds receptor to elicit response
66
Chemical synapses are ____and use _____ to relay _____
Wider Neurotransmitters as messengers AP between cells
67
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Glutamate | Aspartate
68
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA | Glycine
69
Electrical synapses are not _____, whereas chemical synapses make up the _______
Common | Majority
70
Chemical synaptic transmitting categorized into: (2)
Ionotropic | Metabotropic
71
Ionotropic transmission
Uses NT to activate ligand gated channels in post-synaptic membrane Ligand channels can be excitatory or inhibitory
72
Which type of chemical transmission is faster? (Ionotropic or Metabotropic)
Ionotropic transmission
73
Metabotropic transmission
Relies on release of NT and the activation of receptor-mediated signaling in effector tissue
74
Example of metabotropic transmission
Controlling heart rate via ACh activating CM2 receptors in SA node
75
Example of ionotropic transmission
Nicotine-cholinergic receptor in skeletal muscle (excitatory)
76
Synaptic fatigue occurs
After sustained stimulation of neuronal transmission

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