Elements of Life Flashcards
(25 cards)
Living systems require
constant input of energy and the exchange of macromolecules
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4
Isomers (same elements, different structure) result from
ability of carbon to form 4 bonds
Cis-isomers contain
functional group on same side of double bond
Trans-isomers contain
functional group on opposite side of double bond
Functional groups give carbon compounds
unique properties
double bonds cannot
rotate
enantiomers
mirror-image isomers
isomers do not always function in
similar ways
-OH
Hydroxyl (add polarity, make molecule interact with other polar substances and water - polar, makes H bonds) (alcohols)
-C=O
Carbonyl (allow variety of bonds to be formed at double bonded O - polar) (defines a sugar)
-COOH
Carboxyl (form an acid - charged)
-NH2
Amino (act as base - charged)
-SH
Sulfhydryl (cross link with other sulfhydryl groups (disulfide bridges), add rigidity to proteins, polar)
-CH3
Methyl (not reactive (non polar), hydrophobic, act as tag)
-OPO3 -2
Phosphate (allow reaction with water, give energy for reactions) (charged - acidic)
Covalent bonds within hydrocarbon chains
make them great sources of fuel
single bonds allow
rotation
double bonds give
planar configuration
triple bonds give
linear configuration
aliphatic hydrocarbons are
linear chains
aromatic hydrocarbons are
closed carbon rings
structural isomers
different way of bonding atoms (completely different properties)
Geometric isomers
different arrangement of atoms around double bond (some different properties)
