Organelles

Question 1

What parts of a cell are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Answer 1

Cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm

Question 2

Domains of Prokaryotes

Answer 2

Archaea and (Eu)bacteria

Question 3

Domains of Eukaryotes

Answer 3

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Question 4

Compartmentalization allows for

Answer 4

different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations (increases surface area for reactions & prevents interfering reactions in same location)

Question 5

Endosymbiont Theory explains

Answer 5

similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to prokaryotes

Question 6

Endosymbiont Theory states

Answer 6

an early prokaryote engulfed another and became an endosymbiont (both benefited - smaller got protection and larger got energy and by-products)

Question 7

Evidence of Endosymbiont Theory

Answer 7

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane, their own ribosomes, and circular DNA (similar to prokaryotes)

Question 8

Mitochondria has double membrane

Answer 8

outer = smooth, inner = folds called cristae (increase surface area)

Question 9

Mitochondrial matrix enclosed by

Answer 9

inner membrane

Question 10

Matrix contains

Answer 10

enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes

Question 11

of mitochondria in cell correspond with

Answer 11

metabolic activity

Question 12

Chloroplast thylakoids are

Answer 12

the “pancakes”

Question 13

Chloroplast grana are

Answer 13

the stacks (location of light-dependent reactions)

Question 14

Chloroplast stroma is

Answer 14

fluid around thylakoids (location of Calvin cycle)

Question 15

Stroma contains

Answer 15

Chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes

Question 16

Endomembrane organelles include

Answer 16

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, plasma membrane

Question 17

Energy organelles include

Answer 17

mitochondria, chloroplast

Question 18

Unique cell components of plants

Answer 18

chloroplasts, plasmodesmata, cell wall, and central vacuole

Question 19

Unique cell components of animals

Answer 19

lysosomes, centrosomes, and flagella

Question 20

Nucleus has a

Answer 20

double membrane with nuclear pores

Question 21

Nucleolus

Answer 21

dense region of nucleus where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

Question 22

rRNA is combined with proteins to form

Answer 22

large and small subunits of ribosomes that exit through nuclear pores

Question 23

Ribosomes are found in 2 locations:

Answer 23

Cytosol (proteins produced here generally function within cytosol - enzymes) & bound to ER or nuclear envelope (proteins produced here can be secreted from cell - leave via transport vesicles)

Question 24

ER structure

Answer 24

network of membranous sacs and tubes

Question 25

Rough ER function

Answer 25

compartmentalizes the cell to keep proteins formed in the rough ER separate from those in the free ribosomes

Question 26

Smooth ER function

Answer 26

contains no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids (membranes), metabolizes carbs, and detoxifies cell

Question 27

Golgi Complex structure

Answer 27

flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Question 28

Cisternae

Answer 28

separates Golgi sacs from cytosol, each not connected, has directionality (cis-face = receives vesicles from ER, trans-face = send vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations or plasma membrane for secretion

Question 29

Golgi Function

Answer 29

receives transport vesicles with materials from ER, modifies materials, sorts materials, adds molecular tags, and packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit membrane via exocytosis

Question 30

Lysosome structure

Answer 30

membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes

Question 31

Lysosome function

Answer 31

hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells

Question 32

autophagy

Answer 32

lysosomes can recycle their own cell's organic materials (allows cell to renew itself)

Question 33

Peroxisomes are

Answer 33

membrane-bound metabolic compartments (similar to lysosomes)

Question 34

Peroxisome function

Answer 34

catalyze reactions that produce H2O2 (enzymes in peroxisomes then break down H2O2 into H2O)

Question 35

Vacuoles structure

Answer 35

large vesicles that stem from ER and Golgi

Question 36

3 types of vacuoles

Answer 36

1) food - form via phagocytosis (cell-eating) & then digested by lysosomes 2) contractile - maintain water levels in cells 3) central vacuole - found in plants (contain inorganic ions and water)(important for turgor pressure)

Question 37

cytoskeleton

Answer 37

network of fibers in cytoplasm that gives structural support (especially for animals) and mechanical support (anchors organelles, allows for movement of vesicles, organelles, and whole cell)

Question 38

Microtubules structure

Answer 38

hollow, rod-like structures made of tubulin that grow from centrosome

Question 39

microtubule function

Answer 39

serve as structural support (tracks) for movement of organelles that are interacting with motor proteins, assist in separation of chromosomes, cell motility (cilia and flagella)

Question 40

Microfilament structure

Answer 40

thin, solid rods made of protein actin

Question 41

Microfilament function

Answer 41

maintain cell shape (bear tension), assist in muscle contraction and cell motility, division of animal cells (contractile ring of cleavage furrow)

Question 42

Intermediate filament structure

Answer 42

fibrous proteins made of varying subunits, not assembled and broken down at rate of microtubules and microfilaments

Question 43

Intermediate filament function

Answer 43

permanent structural element of cells, maintain cell shape, anchor nucleus and organelles, form nuclear lamina (lines nuclear envelope)

Question 44

Which organelle stores the most calcium?

Answer 44

Smooth ER