Elimination Flashcards
gastrin
found in gastric cells
increases stomach motility and acid production
promotes gastric emptying
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Found in intestinal mucosal cells
stimulated by fat and amino acids in the duodenum
inhibits gastric secretion and motility
fuels pancreatic enzyme secretion
stimulates gallbladder contractions to release bile
secretin
Found in intestinal mucosal cells
stimulated by acidic chyme in the duodenum
triggers bile and pancreatic secretions with bicarbonate content
risk for fecal incontinence
advanced age
diarrhea
impaired mobility
impaired cognition
injury or chronic condition affecting the rectal neuropathway
symptoms of diarrhea
nausea
vomiting
cramping pain
irritability
loss of skin turgor
diagnosis
complications of diarrhea
dehydration
electrolyte imbalances
metabolic acidosis
malnutrition
risk factors for impaired urination
altered cognition
impaired mobility
obesity
smoking
enlarged prostrate
pregnancy
pelvic masses or tumors
some medications
family history of urinary alterations
injuries or pathology affecting the neurologic system, spine, or pelvic organs
Stress incontinence
occurs when increased intraabdominal pressure forces urine through the sphincter. This can occur with coughing, lifting, or laughing but is more frequent in women after the urogenital diaphragm has weakened due to multiple pregnancies or aging.
Overflow incontinence
happens when an incompetent bladder sphincter is unable to control the flow of urine.
Urge incontinence
Urge incontinence is the sudden need to urinate, quickly followed by bladder contraction and urination.
Functional incontinence
is due to a physical limitation rather than an abnormality of the urinary tract.
symptoms of acute urinary retention
inability to urinate
pain, often severe, in the lower abdomen
the urgent need to urinate
swelling of the lower abdomen
symptoms of chronic urinary retention
inability to fully empty the bladder
frequently urinating small amounts of urine
urinary hesitancy, which is difficulty starting to urinate
a slow, weak urine stream
an urgent need to urinate, though unable to go
feeling the need to urinate right after urinating
leaking urine without any warning or urge
lower abdominal pain or discomfort
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
An elevation of the BUN may indicate that the body is creating too much or the kidneys are not removing enough nitrogen waste.
serum creatine
Creatinine, a byproduct of skeletal muscle contractions, is only excreted through the kidneys, making this test a reliable measure of glomerular filtration.
serum pH
As the renal tubules fail to control the acid-base balance, the serum pH falls, resulting in metabolic acidosis.
Red blood cells (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hgb)
The kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that promotes the development of red blood cells and helps regulate iron metabolism.
serum electrolytes
Because electrolyte levels differ as fluid is retained or lost through the kidneys, they are not a reliable indicator of renal function. However, as kidney function decreases, changes in serum electrolytes may require monitoring and treatment.
antibody levels
Antibody titers are used to confirm the presence of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
renin levels
Renin is a substance produced by the kidneys that contributes to blood pressure regulation.
which part of the gastrointestinal system absorbs water and electrolytes from digested food?
colon
Intestinal obstruction occurs in two forms.
Mechanical obstructions result from tumors, adhesions, hernias, or other tangible obstructions.
Functional or adynamic obstructions result from a neurologic impairment, such as spinal cord injury or a lack of propulsion in the intestine, often called paralytic ileus.
risk of bowel obstruction
cancer, especially in the abdomen
Crohn’s disease
ulcerative colitis
previous abdominal or pelvic surgery, which may increase the risk of adhesions
radiation therapy
What type of acute kidney injury (AKI) results from kidney stones?
postrenal
