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Pathophysiology > week 3-5 > Flashcards

week 3-5 Flashcards

1
Q

hypoventilation (shallow breathing), pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonaary edema, tumors, airway obstruction

A

respiratory acidosis

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2
Q

(too much acid or loss of bicarb).
loss of bicarb: diarrhea
too much acid: high potassium(retains acid), medications (aspirn overdose), diabetic ketoacidosis, kidney failure

A

metabolic acidosis

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3
Q

hyperventilation (deep breathing), hypoxemia, kussmauls respirations, incorrect ventilator settings, anxiety/panic attack

A

respiratory alkalosis

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4
Q

(too much bicarb or loss of acid)
loss of acid: vomiting, low potassium (removes acid)
too much base: antacid overdose, sodium bicarbonate, thiazide diuretics

A

metabolic alkalosis

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5
Q

manifestations of hypovalemia

A

weight loss, hypotension, tachycardia (weak pulse), tachypnea (fast breathing), neuro changes, thirsty, dry, poor skin turgor, sunken eyeballs, concentrated labs, flattened neck veins, cool clammy or flushed warm skin

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6
Q

manifestations of hypervolemia

A

weight gain, increased thirst, tachycardia (strong pulse), tachypnea (fast breathing), neuro changes, edema (second spacing), ascites (third spacing), diluted labs, jugular vein distension, skin pallor, cool to touch, shortness of breath, crackles in lungs

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7
Q

causes of hypovolemia

A

GI losses: vomiting, ng suction, diarrhea, decreased thirst
Dehydration: decreased intake, aging, illness
Emergency losses: hemorrhage, burns, diabetes insipidus, diuretics, diaphoresis (excessive sweating), diabetic ketoacidosis

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8
Q

causes of hypervolemia

A

GI gains: too much water, too much salt, increased thirst
Overhydration: water intoxication, too much IV fluids
Organ failure: hear, liver, kidney
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
Medications: corticosteroids

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9
Q

hypoxia

A

not enough oxygen

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10
Q

hypoxemia

A

not enough oxygen in the blood

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11
Q

ischemia

A

poor perfusion to the tissue/organ

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12
Q

risk factors for poor perfusion

A

Conditions: atherosclerotic heart disease, hypertension, dyslipedmia, poorly controlled diabetes
Age
Tobacco use
Alcohol misuse
Genetic

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13
Q

stages of atherolsclerosis

A
  1. Normal artery
  2. Endothelial disfunction
  3. Fatty Streak formation
  4. Stable fibrous plaque formation
  5. Unstable plaque formation
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14
Q

perfusion

A

as the blood reaches the tissue, it surrounds the cells within the capillary beds in preparations to deliver nutrients and oxygen

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15
Q

Coronary artery disease risk factors

A

diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, HBP, excessive stress, excess smoking
Hereditary, menopause, ethnicity, age, gender

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16
Q

manifestations of coronary artery disease

A

chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, unconciousness, lips dark green, ECG adnormalities, swelling, shortness of breath

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17
Q

types of fat that travel through the bloodstream

A

lipids

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18
Q

a fatty substance produced by the liver that travels through the bloodstream

A

cholesterol

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19
Q

main type of lipids in the blood that provides energy to the body

A

triglycerides

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20
Q

occurs when the lipids concentrations in the bloodstream are higher than normal

A

hyperlipidemia

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21
Q

coronary angiogram

A

It monitors blockage and flow of blood through the coronary arteries. It uses X-rays to detect dye injected via cardiac catheterization

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22
Q

blood tests for COD

A

HDL, LDL, CRP

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23
Q

list the order of atherosclerosis occuring in the arteries

A

high cholesterol, endothelial dysfunction, fatty streak formation, stable plaque formation

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24
Q

what type of cardiac dysrhythmia? the conduction system is disrupted and electrical signals move erratically around the atria

A

atrial fibrulation (A-fib)

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25
what type of cardiac dysrhythmia? it is caused when electrical impulses begin in a different spot inside the atria instead of the SA node and the impulse begins to travel through the atria in a circuit (a closed loop)
atrial flutter
26
what type of cardiac dysrhythmia? the conduction system is disrupted and electrical signals move erratically around the ventricles
ventricular fibrulation
27
what type of cardiac dysrhythmia? the conduction system is disrupted and causes the ventricles to beat quickly and not in harmony with the atria (upper chambers)
ventricular tachycardia
28
types of tachycardia
atrial fibrulation, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrulation, ventricular tachycardia
29
types of bradycardia
sick sinus syndrom, conduction block
30
cardiac dysrhythmias symptoms
Brain: dizziness, syncope, lightheadedness Heart: chest pain, palpitations, fluttering Lung: Shortness of breath, rapid breathing
31
Out of the different types of cardiac dysrhythmias, which type can lead to death if a normal heart rhythm is not restored within minutes?
ventricular fibrilation
32
which blood components form together to cause thrombi?
platelets, RBC's, fibrin
33
which conditions are caused by clot formation and blockage of a blood vessel?
deep vein thrombosis, myocardial infarction, cerebral vascular accident
34
risk factors for blood clots
certain medications (oral contraceptives), sitting or lying in bed for extended periods of time, cancer or infection, tobacco use, inherited clotting abnormalities, trauma or surgery
35
what is fibrinolysis?
the process in which clots dissolve in the body during the healing phase of clotting
36
clot initiation
Platelet aggregation Activation of coagulation
37
Clot formation
Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin Fibrin polymers Retraction
38
fibrinolysis
fibrin fragments
39
what is hypocoagulation?
when the body is unable to clot to stop bleeding
40
what is hypercoagulation?
excessive clotting that can impair blood flow
41
what are the blood clotting conditions?
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Pulmonary embolism Ischemic stroke Hemorrhagic stroke Myocardial infarction Kidney failure
42
maifestations of DVT
warmth and tenderness over the vein, pain or swelling in teh part of the body affected, skin redness
43
clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism
shortness of breath, chest pain, coughin up blood, symptoms often absent
44
clinical manifestations of ischemic stroke
sudden numbness or weaknessin face arm or leg (especially on one side of the body), sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech, sudden trouble seeing in one eye or both, sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination, sudden severe headache with no known cause
45
clinical manifestations of a hemorrhagic stroke
sudden numbness or weakness of the face arm or leg, sudden confusion or trouble speaking, sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance or coordination, sudden severe headache with no known cause
46
clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction
chest discomfort (pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain), shortness of breath, discomfort in the upper boddy (arms, back, shoulders, neck, jaw, or stomach)
47
clinical manifestations of kidney failure
fluid retention, fatigue, blood in urine, shortness of breath, HBP, nausea, drowsiness, ease of bruising, changes in urination
48
prevention of hypercoagulation
drink plenty of fluids, avoid crossing legs, ambulate frequently, avoid prolonged sitting, avoid smoking, report symptoms of circulation problems
49
prevention of hypocoagulation
report unusual bleeding or bruising immediately, avoid contact sports or activities that are high risk for injuries
50
clot formation process
1. The blood vessel wall is damaged activating coagulation factors 2. platelets aggregate at the site of damage 3. platelets release fibrin 4. fibrin creates a mesh that traps blood cells to creat a clot (thrombosis) that stops bleeding 5. the fibrin shortens (retracts) sealing damaged tissues
51
where is a pulmonary embolus located?
right pulmonary artery
52
where is peripheral vascular disease located?
right femoral artery
53
where is deep vein thrombosis located?
right great saphenous vein
54
where is a coronary myocardial infarction located?
left anterior descending coronary artery
55
where is a cerebral vascular accident (stroke) located?
middle cerebral artery
56
what is caused by a clot that blocks the blood from draining from the venous sinuses?
hemorrhagic stroke
57
stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in 1 heart contraction
58
cardiac output
the amont of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute. Normal is 4-8L/min
59
equation for cardiac output
SV x HR = CO
60
memory trick for cardiac output
Cardiac OUTput = O2 blood OUT to the body
61
preload
the filling and stretching of the ventricles myocardium (heart muscle) right before contraction (pump)
62
afterload
the amount of resistance that the heart has to overcome to eject the blood out of the ventricles & into the systemic circulation (the blood vessels). also known as systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
63
pulomanary circulation
the movement of blood between the heart and lungs. Deoxygenated blod is transported through the right side of the heart and into the lungs to absorb oxygen(O2) and release carbon dioxide (CO2)
64
systemic circulation
the movement of oxygen rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body through the arteries and back to the heart via the veins
65
coronary circulation
supplies oxygen rich blood to the myocardium (heart muscles) via the coronary arteries
66
myoglobin
Enzyme that shows any damage to the muscle tissue including myocardial necrosis
67
creatine kinase
enzyme that increases 3-4 hours after a heart attack
68
ROMI panel
cardiac enzymes takedn after a heart attack Troponin Myoglobulin CK-MB
69
causes of DVT
smoking, sitting too long, pregnancy, diabetes, high cholesterol, chronic HBP
70
signs of impaired clotting
bruising, petechiae, purpura, hematuria, hematemesis, bleeding gums
71
manifestations of left-sided congestive heart failure is________ and right-sided failure is __________
shortness of breath and orthopnea/ edema of the legs and ankles
72
p wave
activation of the atria
73
qrs complex
activation of the ventricles
74
t wave
repolarization of the ventricles
75
what happens if you have hypermagnesemia
muscles are too relaxed decreased DTR respiratory arrest
76
what happens if you have hypomagnesemia?
muscles are excitied! increased DTR seizures tachycardia
77
what happens if you have hyperphosphatemia?
muscle excited! tetany
78
what happens if you have hypophosphatemia?
muscles are too relaxed weakness respiratory failure
79
what happens if you have hyperkalemia?
paralysis tall peaked t waves diarrhea
80
what happens if you have hypokalemia?
parethesias (pins and needles) flattened t waves u waves constipation
81
what happens with hypercalcemia?
decreased muscle contraction constipation QT shortening
82
what happens with hypocalcemia?
excess muscle contraction diarrhea muscle spasms tetanu trouseau sign seizures QT prolongation
83
what happens to you with hypernatremia?
thirst dry, flushed skin
84
what happens to you with hyponatremia?
muscle cramps confusion weakness

Pathophysiology (20 decks)

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