Elizabeth Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
What were the reasons for the revolt of the northern earls
A
- The Earls and their followers wanted to make England catholic again. They did not like appointments such as James Pilkington, a protestant, as Bishop of Durham in 1561
- The Earls had lost their influence in court under Elizabeth. They resented new men such as Robert dudley and William Cecil who had now lots of influence
- Elizabeths refusal to name an heir, have a child or marry created uncertianty. The earls feared there would be a civil war and they would lose wealth and power under a future protestant monarch
2
Q
What was the Northern Earls plan
A
- The Dukes of westermoreland and Northumberland would raise an army and take control of Durham before heading south to join forces with the Duke of Norfolks troops
- Several thousand spanish troops would land in Hartlepool and provide support to the rebels
- Mary QoS would be freed , marry the duke of Norfolk and be put on the throne
3
Q
What were the main events of the revolt
A
- In November 1569, The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland revolted. They took control of Durham cathedral as well as other northen churches and celebrated full catholic masses before moving south
- The rebels took control of Hartlepool aswell but support from the spanish never arrived
- Robert Dudley told Elizabeth of the plan for Mary to take the throne and consequently the Duke of Norfolk was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London
- Elizabeth also moved Mary QoS to Coventry so she could not revolt and join the rebels and take the throne
- By 24th November the rebels were forced to retreat and eventually were defeated
4
Q
Why did the Revolt of the Northern Earls fail
A
The revolt of the Northern Earls failed because:
- Support from Spain never arrived
- Many Northern Landowners, such as ones in Lancashire and Cheshire , stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt
- Many Northern Landowners did not want to rise the wealth gained after the dissolution of the monastries by Henry VIII by backimg a revolt that could fail
5
Q
What were the outcomes of the revolt
A
- The revolt showed Mary Queen of Scots could not be trusted- she remained in prison
- The pope excommunicated Elizabeth and called on loyal catholics to depose her-Leading to further catholic plots
- The loyalty of English catholics was now in doubt , forcing the government put in harsher measures against them
- Elizabeth strengthened her grip on the north
6
Q
Why were English catholics more prepared to plot against Elizabeth after 1970 (*)
A
- After the failure of the revolt of the Nothern Earls ,the pope had excommunicated Elizabeth . He encouraged loyal catholics to depose her -This increased plots against elizabeth
- The Earl of Huntingdon, a comitted protestant , led the council of the North. He implemented strict laws against catholics in the North of England . This angered many Catholics and made them prepared to plot against Elizabeth
7
Q
When was the Ridolfi Plot
A
The Ridolfi plot was in 1571
8
Q
Who was Roberto Ridolfi
A
-Roberto Ridolfi was an italian Banker who lived in England and worked as a spy for the pope
9
Q
What were the Key events in the Ridolfi plot
A
- In 1571, Roberto Ridolfi plotted to murder Elizabeth, start a spanish invasion and put Mary Queen of Scots on the English throne. Mary QoS would then marry the Duke of Norfolk
- In March 1571, Ridolfi travelled to the Netherlands (which was then controlled by Spain) to meet with Phillip II , the Duke of Alba and the Pope to discuss the plot. He brought with him a letter from The Duke of Norfolk which declared he was a catholic and that he pledged to lead the rebellion if he had Phillips support
- Phillip ordered the Duke of Alba to prepare 10,000 troops to send across the channel to England in support of the revolt
- Sir William Cecil discovered the plot and by Autumn 1571 he had enough proof to convict Norfolk of high treason. Ridolfi returned abroad and never came back to England, the plot had failed
- When parliament reconvened in May 1572 , it ordered the execution of both Mary QoS and The duke of Norfolk. Elizabeth signed the death warrant of Norfolk and in June 1572 he was executed . Elizabeth was reluctant to punish Mary as she knew it would upset english catholics and France and Spain
10
Q
What was the significance of the Ridolfi plot
A
- The Ridolfi plot showed Mary QoS was still a threat to Elizabeth
- It also reinforced the threat of Spain , and showed that Phillip would support any further plot against Elizabth
- The threat of Spain meant England had to improve relations with France as they could not fight both countries at once
- The ridolfi plot made the government monitor catholics more closely and treat them more severly
11
Q
What year was the throckmorton plot
A
The throckmorton plot was in 1583
12
Q
What was the plan for the Throckmorton plot
A
- The Duke of Guise , a cousin of Mary Queen of Scots, plotted to overthrow elizabeth, free Mary QoS and make England catholic again
- Phillip agreed to pay for the plot and the Pope agreed with the plot
-Francis Throckmorton , a young englishmen, would pass letters between Mary Queen of scots and the plotters
13
Q
How did the Throckmorton Plot end
A
In May 1583 , Elizabeths secretary of state , Sir francis Walsigham discovered the plot
- In Novemeber 1583, Walsinghams spies found papers at Throckmortons house that revealed his part in the consipary
- Throckmorton was arrested and tortured, he confessed to his role and was executed in May 1584
14
Q
What was the significance of the Throckmorton plot
A
- The throckmorton plot showed the potential threat from France and Spain. It showed Elizabeth that she had to be careful to make sure these catholic powers didnt unite against her.
- Throckmortons papers that were found by spies included a list of catholic sympathisers in England. This confirmed the goverments fears of the “enemy within”. As a result the government treated catholics with greater suspicion and many fled England after , Up to 11,000 catholics were also imprisoned or under survellience or house arrest
15
Q
What year was the Babington Plot
A
The babington plot was in 1586
16
Q
What did the Babington Plot involve
A
- The Duke of Guise would invade England, murder Elizabeth and put Mary Qos on the throne . Phillip II and the pope supported the plot
- In June 1586 Antony Babington, a catholic , wrote to Mary in to tell her about the plot
- Walsingham intercepted the and read Babingtons letters to Mary Qos . They clearly demostrated Mary was awarness of , support of and involvement in the plot
- Babington and the other plotters were executed and hung ,drawn and quatered
- In October 1586 , Mary was sentenced to death for her part in the plot. Elizabeth delayed but eventually signed her death warrant in February 1587 and Mary was beheaded shortly afterwards
17
Q
Why was the Babington plot significant
A
- By 1585, England were virtually at war with spain so Elizabeths position was much more procarious with the babington plot than with other plots
- After the Babington plot the government became even more determined to crush the catholic threat. So persecution of catholics intensified . In 1585 ,11,000 catholics were imprisoned or placed under house arrest . In 1586 , 31 priests were executed across the country
- The plot led to Mary QoS death which wiped out any hope of Elizabeth being replaced with a catholic heir
18
Q
Who was Mary Qeen of scots
A
- Mary Queen of Scots was the second cousin of Elizabeth and King Henry VII’s great grandduaghter
- Mary was catholic and had a legitamite claim to the english throne
- She was married to the French king and inherited the scottish crown herself when only 6 days old
19
Q
Why was Mary Queen of Scots and her claim to the throne a problem for Elizabeth
A
- Mary was a problem for Elizabeth as she was catholic , this meant many catholics , including catholic nobility, would be prepared to rebel and support her claim to the throne
- Mary was also a problem for Elizabeth as there were no questions over her claim to the thrones legitamacy . There were questions over elizabeths legitamacy as many catholics saw her mothers, Anne Boleyns, marriage to Henry VIII as illegitimate
- Mary became at the center of most plots against elizabeth which would have threatened Elizabth
20
Q
Why did Mary flee to England in 1568
A
-In 1560 following the death of the her husband, King of France Francis II Mary returned to Scotland
-Once Mary returned to scotland she married Henry Stuart (Lord
Darnley)
-Mary and Lord Darnley produced an heir together , James
-Subsequently Lord Darnley was murdered ( with possibly Marys involvement)
-Mary then remarried to the Earl of Bothwell
-Many scots felt that Mary had murdered Lord Darnley and ,in 1568, they rebelled against Mary , Imprisoned her and forced her to abdicate in favour of her son James. Mary escaped and built up an army near Glasgow but they were quickly defeated so Mary fled to England to seek Elizabeths help against the scottish rebels
21
Q
What was Elizabeths response to Mary coming to England
A
Elizabeth imprisoned Mary in England in 1568 . She was held in comfort but under guard whilst Elizabeth decided what to do with her . The scottish rebels demanded Mary was handed over and tried for the murder of Darnley
22
Q
What were Elizabeths options with Mary 1568-1569
A
- Help Mary to regain the throne-This would anger scottish Noblemen and leave Elizabeth with a catholic monarch north of her border. It could also lead to scotland and france reviving the Auld Alliance . That would then become a threat to Elizabeth
- Hand Mary over to the scottish Noblemen-Mary was the former wife of Francis II and was also catholic. Her trial, imprisonment and execution by Scottish Noblemen under Elizabeths permission could provoke france and dribr them into an alliance against England with spain. Having the two major catholic powers in Europe against England posed a massive threat to Elizabeth
- Let Mary go Abroad-Letting Mary go abroad could see her return to France . This could provoke a French plot that aimed to remove Elizabeth from the throne and replace her with Mary
- Keep Mary in England-Keeping Mary in England carried with it the risk that Catholic English plotters would plot to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with Mary
23
Q
What were the positives of keeping Mary in England
A
By keeping Mary in England Elizabeth ensured
- The Scottish nobility did not imprison and execute Mary
- The French were satisfied
- An anointed Monarch was not punished
24
Q
What were the problems with keeping Mary in England
A
-By keeping Mary in England , Mary still remained a threat to Elizabeth as any plots against Elizabeth ,especially plots from catholic plotters ,would involve replacing Elizabeth with Mary which was now easier that ever given that Mary was in England
25
Why was Mary Queen of scots executed in 1587
- Mary had been involved in a series of plots against Elizabeth (as proved by evidence found by Sir Francis Walshinghams spies), including the ridolfi plot, the revolt of northern earls , throckmorton and babington plot. This showed Mary could not be trusted and heightened fears about her
- The threat of the spanish was very real in 1587 , with rumours of an invasion. The fact that Mary had been involved in Plots before with Phillip II showed there was a link there . This heightened her threat and increased reasons to get rid of her
- Mary remained a rallying point for disgruntled catholics who saw her as the legitimate monarch
- There would concerns Mary would be put on the throne as an alternative to elizabeth in the event of an invasion
26
Why was the execution of Mary Queen of scots so significant
- The execution of Mary queen of Scots was so significant as it removed an important threat to Elizabeth as there was now no alternate Monarch to replace her
- The execution further angered Spain and gave Phillip more reason to attack as Mary left her claim to the throne to Phillip on her death bed
27
What was the religious rivalry between England and Spain
- England was protestant whereas Spain was catholic
- Phillip II (the leader of spain) , backed by the pope , saw protestanism as a threat to the authority of the catholic church.
- Many English protestants also saw spain and catholicism as threats
28
What was the Spanish policy in the netherlands? What effect did it have on Elizabeths governement?
- The Netherlands had been Spanish since the 1400's but many dutch had become protestant
- A campaign set up by the Duke of Alba in 1567 hoped to restore catholicism in the Netherlands . In the campaign many Dutch protestants were killed by spanish catholics .
- Spains policy in the netherlands angered and shocked many in Elizabeths government . They now saw Spain as a direct , hostile threat to Prostestantism and English protestansts
29
What was the English response to the Spanish policy in the Netherlands
Elizabeth was relucnant to openly help the Dutch protestants as thsi could cause war withs spain which she wanted to resist
Elizabeth government decided to unoffically and indirectly help dutch protetsants resist the spanish by :
-They allowed dutch rebels ship (sea beggars) a safe passage into english ports
-They financially supported others who were fighting the spanish like Joh n Casimir, a foreign mercenary
-They encouraged privateers e.g Francis Drake to attack spanish ships and colonies in Latin america
-Elizabeth even proposed marriage to the French heir , the Duke of aleçon , in the hope he might be persuaded to get the Frech to fight spain in the netherlands
30
What had happen by 1576 in the netherlands
By 1576, The Spanish had realised war in the Netherlands was too expensive to continue and the lack of funds meant spanish troops went unpaid . This resulted in the Spanish Fury where the Spanish troops looted Antwerp .
After the looting, all 17 Dutch provinces joined in an alliance against Spain , written up in the Pacification of Ghent. The Pacification of Ghent called for the removal of spanish troops from the Netherlands and an end to religious persecution
Elizabeth sent a loan of £100,000 to the Dutch and agreed at some point to send in an expoditionary force to help make sure the Pacification of Ghent was carried out
31
What had changed by 1584 in the Netherlands
By 1584:
- Spanish control had been restored in the Netherlands by the Duke of Parma
- Both of Englands allies in the Netherlands, the Duke of Aleçon and William of Orange ( leader of Dutch protestants), had died
- The treaty of Joinville (1584) united catholic France and spain together against protestantism and England
- Dutch catholics were ready to forgive Spain (after John Casimir, the foriegn mercenary hired by elizabeth in the netherland, and his army destroyed Dutch catholic churches ) . This strengthened Phillips position in the Netherlands
- The opportunity for Elizabeth to intervene in the Netherlands ,so they could gain independece and become a protestant ally ,had very much been missed
32
Why did tensions start to increase by 1587
Tensions started to increase as:
- Phillip II blamed Elizabeth for making the situation in the Netherlands worse by supporting dutch rebels
- Elizabeth government blamed Spain for a series of plots against Elizabeth
33
Why was there a commercial rivalry between Spain and England
By the 1570's England and Spain had emerged as trade rivals. Both competed for access to the resources and markets of the new world. This was because the there were potentially large profits to be had in the new world
34
Why did hostility grow between the English traders and the Netherlands grow in the 1580's
- Spains control of the Netherlands and the Rhine and Scheldt estuaries closed off one of the main trading routes for English traders into Europe - reducing the incomes and profits of English merchants . This caused English merchants to feel hostility towards the Spanish
- Spains control of the New world also denied English merchants profit making opportunites as all trade there had to be licensed by the Spanish governement
- Many English traders ignored these rules and trades illegally without licence - angering Phillip and creating further hosility betwen England and Spain
35
What was privateering ? What were the outcomes of it?
- Privateering was when English merchants , funded by private investors , attacked spanish colonies and ships travelling to and from the new world
- In one raid alone in 1572 Francis Drake captured £40,000 of spanish silver
- In a second expedition between 1577 and 1580 Drake captured £400,000 of spanish gold and silver
- This privateering and the loss of silver from it meant the spanish government in the Netherlands was bankrupt qnd could not afford to pay its soldiers
36
Why was privateering such a big problem for Spain
By 1570s-1580 the loss of silver and gold because of privateering meant that the spanish government in the Netherlands was bankrupt and could no longer afford to pay its soldiers
37
What religious reasons encouraged Phillip to launch the armada
- Phillip was a devout catholic and had already failed in previous plots to get Elizabeth off the throne. The Armada presented another opportunity to get rid of her and replace her with a catholic monarch. This wouls have been ideal for phillip and spain as it would have provided another catholic ally
- Since excommunicating her in 1570 the papacy wanted Elizabeth overthrown. This provided a perfect opportunity to do this for phillip , who would have wanted to follow the papacy due to his religion
- The pope also offered absolution of sins for those taking part in the armada and had offered phillip a reward if the armarda was succesful
38
What acts of provication caused Phillip to send the armada
Drakes actions in the new world caused Phillip to send the armada. They angered Phillip as they damaged Spains commercial interests and weakened spain financially
-Elizabeths support of the dutch rebels also angered phillip as he felt it made the situation in the netherlands worse. This provoked him to send the armada
39
Which changing circumstances caused phillip to send the armada
- Spain had aquired Portugal in 1580 giving them access to portugese ships and ports , increasing their supplies and chances of success in the armada
- The Duke of Parmas success in the Netherlands since 1579 meant their position there was secure and they didnt need to worry about that.
- Elizabeths hesitation to support the Dutch rebels indicated weakness to Phillip and encouraged him to attack
40
What political factors influenced phillip to launch the armada
- The treaty of Joinville (1584) meant spain could attack england without risking war with France
- The treaty of Nonsuch(1585) meant english soldiers were technically at war with Spain so Phillip could justify England
- England would be a useful addition to Phillips empire as it would mean spain had complete control of the atlantic
41
What was Phillips stratergy with the armada
- Phillip would order the armada (130 ships and 2431 guns) to sail along the channel to the Netherlands
- From there the armada would join up with the Duke of Parmas troops and 27000 troops would be transported across the channel to kent
- The armada would attack London then , end elizabeths reign and establish a new catholic government
42
What is the timeline of events of the spanish armada 1588
- 29th July-Spanish armada spotted in the English channel
- 31th July - Battle of Plymouth ~2 spanish ships are captured
- 3-4 august -Battle of Isle of wight - Spanish are outgunned and forced to move further up the channel towards calais
- 8th August-Battle of Gravelines-Fireship cause the spanish to panic. The spanish fleet never links up with Duke of parmas fleet and is scattered
43
What were the reasons for the English Victory
- The spanish lacked provisions and supplies for a long voyage -By the time the english engaged with the armada the spanish had already been at sea for 10 weeks and most of their food had rotted. The rotting of food was partly due to the time and partly due to the fact the barrells were made of inferior wood and made quicklybecause the original ones had been destroyes during drakes rade on cadiz. This lack of food meant spanish morale was low and they lacked the strength to fight the english
- English ships were better armed and equipped -New ships called galleons could move very quickly and make fast turns . The guns on english ships were also mounted on smaller gun carriages than on spanish ships which meant they could be recoiled and fired at a faster rate. This caused damage to many spanish ships and undermined the chances of Spanish ships linking up with the duke of Parmas fleet and invading england
- Use of fireships and Spanish Panic-At the battle of gravelines the english used fireships against the spanish. These caused the spanish capitians to panic , cut their anchors and allow their ships to drift into the north sea. They also caused the armada to scatter
44
What were other reasons for english victory
- English tactics were superior - english ships got close enough to spanish ships to fire on them but stayed far enough away to prevent spanish soldiers bording them . This minimised english losses but caused damage to many spanish ships. The use of fireships also envoked panic in the spanish captians and caused the armada to scatter which was important for the english
- The weather-Gale force winds destroyed many spanish ships as they returned home . Many were destroyed off the west coast of Ireland
- Communication: There was no communication between the Duke of medina sidonia and the duke of parma who were meant to be joining their fleets to attack the english . The communication had to travek by sea so was unreliable , By the time the message that the Duke of Medina sidonia was in the channel and waiting to engage had got to the Duke of parma it was too late .
The duke of parma also controlled no deep sea ports (which large war ships needed) in the Netherlands . This meant he had to use lots of small ships which would take 48 hours to man , load and set sail even if communication did come
45
What were the consequences of the english victory for england
- The victory was great propaganda for england . It also meant Elizabeth was able to portray herself as a military victory
- The defeat of the armada showed the strength of the English navy
- It gave more confidence for explorers to explore and englsih merchants to trade
- The victory for the english seemed to suggest god was on the protestant side. Elizabeth was eager to emphasise this(she made commerorative medal which said "God blew and they were scattered). This propaganda may have persuaded some englishmen , who wavered between proestantism to accept protestant rule
- The anglo dutch alliance became stronger than ever as a result of the victory. The victory also encouraged dutch rebels to revew their fight against the spanish which ensured Protestanism in the Netherlands survived
46
What were the consequences of the english victory for spain
- The defeat of the armada was a major military and financial setback for phillip
- The defeat broke the spanish prestige. More countries became willing to challenge spanish control . This led to the gradual decline of the spanish empire
- Spains war with england still continued for the rest of elizabeths reign
47
How did Elizabeth antagonise Drake in relation to privateers
- Elizabeth encouraged sea beggars to attack spanish ships sailing between spain and the Netherlands which led to a decline in Anglo-Spanish relations
- Elizabeth funded english privateers to attack spanish ships in the new world further antagonisting spain
- Elizabeth knighted Francis Drake who was a main privateer who captured 400,000 pounds worth of spanish silver and gold during his circumnavigation of the gLobe . This showed her support of the financial losses suffered by the spanish governemnt as a result of English privateering . This Made Phillip angry and deteriorated anglo-spanish relations
48
What was the treaty of Nonsuch (1585)
The treaty of nonsuch was a treaty signed by england with the dutch protestant rebels. It agreed that england would pay for 7,400 soldiers led by Robert Dudley to work with the sutch rebels. It was likely this group would fight the spanish but war was not formally declared
49
Why was Dudleys campaign in the Netherlands not a great success
The campaign in the Netherlands by Robert Dudley was not a great success as England still hoped to negotaite with Phillip II and did not want to formally declare war so did not gove the earl of leicester enough resources to fight the spanish
- Some of Dudleys officers defected to the spanish side
- Dudley and Elizabeth had different aims for the Netherlands-Dudley wanted The Netherlands to be a free independent country but Elizabeth wanted it to go back to how it had been ruled by the spanish up to 1548
50
What were the outcome of Robert Dudleys campaign in the Netherlands
- Dudley could only disrupt spanish forces in the netherlands under the Duke of Parma, he could not defeat them
- He did manage to stop the Spanish capturing a deep sea port in the channel at Ostend which meant the duke of Parma had to use small ships during the Armads
51
What was Drakes raid on Cadiz
- Since January 1586 , Spain had been gradually building up its armada
- In March 1587 , Elizabeth ordered Francis Drake to attack the Spanish Navy. Between 19-22nd of April, He attacked Cadiz a major spanish Naval port , destroying 30 ships meant for the Armada abd much of the Armadas supplies
- This was called the 'singeing of the king of Spains beard'
52
Why was Drakes raid on Cadiz so important
- In the short term,Spain had to take a break from building the armada to defend itself against Drake
- In the Long term , Drakes attack delayed the armada by a year. This gave england more time to prepare for the spanish attack
