elizabeth history Flashcards
(42 cards)
two tactics and two technologies used in naval warfare in the 16th century
line of battleships formed into a single line, fired together on enemy ships to sink as many as possible
fireships where old ships set alight and sent into the middle of the enemy fleet, it sent panic and caused great damage
concequences of the defeat of the Armada
proved England was a major naval power, philip planned a second attempt which never happned. Liz continued to strengthen the navy
Brought england together under threat of foreign invasion, most catholics declared total loyalty to Elizabeth. She became more popular and respected as a leader.
how did elizabeths policy towards catholics change over time
in the beginng there was o policy of toleration rather than persecution. initialy turned a blind eye to recusants who continued to attend mass privately.
however this changed in 1970 after the papel bull which forced catholics to chose between the pope and the queen, the 1971 treason act made it illegal to write or say the elizabeth wasnt the true queen
the policy became increasingly harsh after 1580 jesuit priests came to england, throckmortan 1583 and babington 1586 plots tried to kill elizabeth.
in 1581 recusancy fines incresed to 20 pounds.
in 1585 catholic priests where considered traitors
importance of elizabethan voyages
raiding ships brought riches back to england, Hawkins added to wealth by trading slaves
built foundations of a powerful maritime trading empire
teritiory - over next few centuries england built up a huge empire based on strategies used by elizabeth
impact of marys execution
no alternative catholic monarch, many english catholics saw mary as rightful queen and hoped she would replace liz. mary had been involved in the babbington plot and others wich involved her in becoming queen. so her execution removed her as a threat
worsened relations with catholic Europe. may viewed mary as a martyr, proved elizabeth was a heretic. no immediate action from spain of france even though they where outraged. it helped trigger the spanish armada in 1588 as philip used her death as further justification for tying to invade england
importance of Essex’s rebellion 1601
showed control, her kingdom was faiding by the end of her reign her system of patronage wa breaking down. showed that the most powerful people in england where willing to disrespect her this would of been unlikely at the start of her reign as she used to be at the center of the patronage system and most senior nobles wanted to be favourite.
shows that although shes lossing power she still had suport as Essex was only able to get 300 followers. proved elizabeth still had enough power to crush a rebelion
how did policies towards the poor change under elizabeth
changed from punoishment to support. schemes where created to find employment for those who could work. at the start poverty due to… was seen as a crime. from 1531 beggars on their third offence would be hung this begain to change when there was a distinction between deserving and undeserving.
1576 “act for setting the poor on work” pu responsibility on local authorities. in york the poor who could work but refused where put into houses of correction witch involved forced labour and harsh punishments.
in 1601 the national poor law divided the poor into 3 catigories: helpless poor - given food and acomidation, able bodied poor - given food for work and idle poor - whipped and sent to houses of correction
reasons for poverty in elizabethan england
reformation by henry vii led to closure of monastries, leaving the sick and poor with no one to care for them
bad harvists between 1594-98 led to food shortages and starvation. this also led to inflation. landlords moved to sheep farming rather than crop farming as less workers where needed so many people lost their jobs.
4 reasons for anti catholic laws increasing after 1580
threat from aboard invasion was a real concern
several powerful catholic families lived in the north of england who may obey the popes command and rebel
jesuits undermined elizabeths authority
plots showed she had enemies who wanted to overthrow her
how was the armada defeated
English tactics - fireships broke formation, made individual ships vunrable to attack bombardment by english cannons made re-grouping impossible
storms delayed return to spain, food went of and water ran out. many sailors became to sick to sail.
Spanish ships designed for the Mediterranean, couldnt cope with the harsh conditions of the english channel and north sea
4 stages of the spanish armada 1588
plan - 150 ships, 7000 sailors and 34000 soilders sail to netherlands to collect more men to invade england
Anchored of the Dutch coast waiting for additional soldiers to arrive, drake sent fire ships into the Spanish fleet which caused mass panic the armada plunged into chaos
Englsih fired constantly from 100 metres badly damaging ships. spanish commander tried to lead ships home
great storm blew retreating Armada off course, no maps for waters around northern britan meant many ships where wrecked only 65 ships returned
describe the throckmorton plot
1583
lead by young english catholic - throckmorton
plan to asassinate liz, uprising by english catholics, french army would invade and make Mary queen
throckmorton executed
Walsingham (spymaster) is convinced Mary is involved and wants her executed
summarise the Babbington plot
1586
Babbington - young rich catholic, planned to assasinate liz and replace her with mary
he seretly communicates with mary, but walsingham cracks code, waits for mary to incriminate herslef
mary put on trial for treason
elizabeth reluctant to sign death warrant feared reactions of spain and france, signed anyway, executed 8th feb 1587
describe sir Walter Raleigh
embarked on voyages to south america in search of the city of gold
early supporter of colonising America, in 1584 given permission by queen to establish settlements on the coast of north america as a base to use for attacks on spanish, called it virginia after virgin queen
john hawkins and the slave trade
respected military leader, helped build up royal navy
1564 kidnapped 300 Africans, sold them in south America, trade was authorised by Elizabeth
deserving vs undeserving poor
deserving - people to ill, too young or too old to work, deserved some sympathy charities for poor grew, almhouses established
undeserving - everyone else without a job where lazy - “vagabonds” homeless who beg and steal
Background and character of Elizabeth
no one expected her to become queen, both her older sister and younger brother come before her in the line of succession
Educated and brought up in a royal household, learned quickly that court would be dangerous if she wasnt careful what she did, what she said and who she trusted
functions of parliament
taxation - queen viewed this as most important function of parliament. 11 out of 13 parliamentary sessions used to grant revenue for her
law making - 438 laws where passed bu Elizabeths parliament, many related to religion, social policy and laws for the poor
context behind Essex Rebellion
loyal subject to Elizabeth became privy councillor
pleased queen when successfully attacking Spanish port cadiz in 1596
during argument with queen he almost drew his sword
sent to ireland to deal with rebellion failed to defeat rebels and made a truce directly agaisnt the queens orders
quickly fell from queens favour
accomplishments of “golden age”
elizabeth brought stability and security to the country
exploration - discovered new lands, bacame a major power in the world
first permanent theaters where built
literature - many great plays writen and still performed today, many nobels wrote poetry
why was succesion a problem
liz had no children so it was unclear who would succeed her
1562 Liz almost died of smallpox, drew attention to uncertainty of englands future. senior figures keen she marry asap
Elizabeth banned parliament from discussing her marriage
describe sir Francis Drake
came from lower gentry, made a fortune as privateer stealing spanish gold
1st enlishman to successfully sail around the world
gave half of all gold to elizabeth kighted on board her ship
how did elizabeth retain power over MPs
powerful speaches to charm/bully members
members of privy council sat in both houses of parliament in order to influence debates in the queens favour
however MPs had more control of taxes than the queen and they gained more power as her reign progressed
importance of the privy council
advised the queen on key issues, made up of 19 men who wpuld compete for her favour and offer different opinions. ment she could chose the best option from variuos opinions that effected thing such as forign policy ,religon and trade
half of the privy council where from marys (older sisters) coincil and half where new this ment that there where people with expericne while also offering fresh perspectives.
