ELIZABETH I Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
When did Mary I die, allowing Elizabeth to become Queen
A
17th November 1558
2
Q
How old was Elizabeth when she became Queen
A
25
3
Q
Other than the Queen, who was in control of the country
A
- Parliment
- Privy Council
- Lord Lieutenants
- Justices of Peace (Jps)
4
Q
Who made up parliment, and what did they do
A
- Made up of the house of lords (lords, bishops and other memebers of the nobility)
- The queen called parliament for advice, but they couldn’t enforce anything
5
Q
Who made up the Privy council, and what did they do
A
- Made up of Elizabeth’s main advisors such as powerful landowners (to avoid risk of rebellion)
- Day to day running of the country
- Led by the Secretary of State
- If the Privy Council agreed on a particular issue, then it was hard to ELizabeth to say no
5
Q
Who made up the Privy council, and what did they do
A
- Made up of Elizabeth’s main advisors such as powerful landowners (to avoid risk of rebellion)
- Day to day running of the country
- Led by the Secretary of State
- If the Privy Council agreed on a particular issue, then it was hard to ELizabeth to say no
6
Q
Who made up the Lord Lieutenants, and what did they do
A
- Appointed by the Queen to take administrative responsibility for a particular area of the country
- Collect tax, and raise a milita to fight if needed
7
Q
Who made up the Justices of Peace, and what did they do
A
- Each county had several, and were selected from local gentry
- Enforce laws
- Had the power to send people to prision, and together could sentence death
8
Q
Who made up the Royal court, and what did they do
A
- Government officials, ladies in waiting, servant and advisors
- Consisted of 1000 people
9
Q
What was ‘patronage’ and how did the Queen use it
A
Gave titles, power or other rewards to ensure an individuals support. Banishing was disgraceful, so patronage was highly desired.
10
Q
Who was William Cecil (Lord Burghley), and why was he important
A
- Served as the Secretary of State twich and and was Elizabeth’s most trusted advisor
- Encoraged Elizabeth to take control of Catholic Ireland and fight other Catholic rebels at home and abroad
- Played a key tole in developing the Poor laws and new religious policies
11
Q
Who was Francis Walsingham, and why was he important
A
- Served as Secretary of State and was a close advisor from 1573
- Known as Elizabeth’s spymaster
- Helped establish England as a powerful naval force
- Helped expose Mary, Queen of Scots, leading to her execution
12
Q
What problems did Elizabeth face when taking up the throne
A
- Succession
- Mary, Queen of Scots
- Ireland - The Irish disagreed with her becoing Queen, and there was a major revolt in 1559 (the first of many) in Northern Ireland, so Elizabeth had to spend thousands of pounds and send her best soilders to limit their rebellions, but nothing worked
- Taxation - Very unpopular for the new monarch
- Religion
- Foreign Policy - France and Spain were both Catholic, and wanted influence over England, but this was not her first concern
13
Q
Reasons for Elizabeth to marry
A
- Create a strong alliance with a foreign country, or win the support of a powerful English family
- Produce an hier to succeed her and continue the Tudor line
- Prevent Mary, Queen of Scots from ruling England after Elizabeth’s death
14
Q
Reasons for Elizabeth NOT to marry
A
- Marrying a foreign prince could lead to England falling under their control
- Marrying an Englishman could lead to problems over who had authority
- Kept her independence as men had the final say in descions in Tudor times
- Giving birth was risky, and could kill her
- Mary’s marriage to Philiip was widely seen as a disaster and she couldn’t produce an heir
15
Q
Pros and Cons to marrying Robert Dudley
A
- His previous wife’s death was a scandal (some thought he deliberatley killed her)
- Key figure in court, and had great power and influence
- Childhood friends (met when 8 years old)
16
Q
Pros and Cons to marrying Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alencon
A
- French King’s brother would lead to influence in France
- Francis was heir to the throne
- Elizabeth was 46 at the time, and most assumed she was beyond having children
- If she died childless to him, France would take control
- Francis was a Catholic so many influencial people were against his
17
Q
Pros and Cons to marrying King Phillip II of Spain
A
- Most powerful and wealthy men in the world
- Good control of South America and it’s resources made it very rich
- Phillip had married Mary I
- Phillip was a strong Catholic, and what religion the child would be was an issue
18
Q
What was Parliment’s role in choosing a suitor for Elizabeth
A
- Elizabeth almost died of smallpox in 1562
- By 1566, Parliment openly discussed her marriage
- She banned the issue ever be brought up again
- Elizabeth was enraged, and was a good example of the relationship between the Queen and Parliment clashed
19
Q
What was the population increase in Elizabethan England
A
2.8mil in 1558, and 4mil in 1603 (43% increase)
20
Q
What percentage of the income went to the nobility
A
14% (Nobility were about 1%)
21
Q
Why did the gentry class grow under Elizabeth
A
The country became more secure after her predecessors, so people were able to settle and make money
22
Q
How was a ruff a sign of wealth
A
The more frills the ruff had the richer, as linen was expensive and so owuld require more material
23
Q
How were excessive windows a sign of wealth
A
Glass was expensive, and it could be seen from the outside of the building. Latticle frames were required, as glass could not be made that big yet
24
Why was the theatre so important for the whole of Elizabethan England
Everyone from the poor to the nobels would come to watch plays
25
What was a patron and what did they do
They provided the funding for groups of actors to star in plays, such as the Lord Chamberlin's Men and Admiral's Men. It was a way to show that you were cultured, and to get into the Queen's good books
26
Who performed theatre
Only men - women would be played by young boys
27
How many plays did Shakespeare right, and what were there styles
38 - History, comedy or tragedy
28
Who was Richard Burbage
One of the most celbrated actos of the Elizabethan period. He was also the leading memebr of the Lord Chamberlin's men and was the first toplay man roles like Hamlet or King Lear. He also owned theatres.
29
What time would a show start
3pm
30
What non-religious opposition was there to the theatre
* Dangerous - drunkeness, crime and other immoral behaviour took place
* Disease - The large gathering might spread disease
30
What non-religous opposition was there to the theatre
* Dangerous - drunkeness, crime and other immoral behaviour took place
* Disease - The large gathering might spread disease
31
What religious opposition was there to the theatre
Puritans wanted them closed down completely, as they saw them as a distraction. They belived people should be spending free time paraying and studying the bible insead of watching plays
32
What is the significance of the opposition to the theatre
It showed just how influencial and important it had become, and Elizabeth did enjoy it
33
What was the first theatre opened, and why
The Red Lion in London in 1567, as the popularity increased, so more a permenant venue was required
34
How many could fit in the globe, and when was it built
3,000 - built in 1599
35
How did ARTS contribute to Elizabethan England being considered a 'Golden Age'
* Theatre - Increase of theatre, with many built, and plays are still performed and studied today
* Literature - Poetry and sonnets. References to Greece and Rome
* Education - Increasingly important. Some girls also recieved limited education
* Art - Portraits very popular and very symbolic of wealth and power (Elizabeth had a portrait with her holding a globe). Decorative silverware and highly detailed textiles also popular
36
How did EXPLORATION AND INDUSTRY contribuite to Elizabethan England being considered a 'Golden Age'
* Exploration -0 Discovery of new lands and people, as well as England's growing Navy allowed England to become a major power
* Buildings - Lots of stately homes built to impress the queen and other nobles. Not built for defensive purposes
* Science and Technology - Breakthroughs in navigation and astronomy and growing understanding of how magentism worked. More effective printing press and pamphlets allowed ideas to spread quicker
* Pride - Elizabeth's long reign compared to those before her estalished peace and order while military success and the country's growing wealth made people prous to be English
37
Why might Elizabethan England not be seen as a 'Golden Age'
* Blood sports like dog fighting and bear baiting were still popular
* Cruel punishments and torture was still used
* Life expectancy for the poor was still low and illnesses could easily lead to death
38
Why might Elizabethan England not be seen as a 'Golden Age'
* Blood sports like dog fighting and bear baiting were still popular
* Cruel punishments and torture was still used
* Life expectancy for the poor was still low and illnesses could easily lead to death
39
Who were 'paupers' and what did they do
People without work who relied on charity - this meant either begging or going to the local church for help
40
What were the causes of poverty
* Henry VIII dissoloution of the monastries - People who wokred there wwere evicted with no where to go, and those who went there for help had no where to go
* War - The cost of war also meant from 1542, Henry debased coins. Damaged trade and jobs,a nd the cloth trade collapsed completely during Edward VI's reign (England's main export)
* Faliures in agriculture - Bad harvests between 1594-1598, leading to food shortages and increase in price
* Farming - Land enclosure meant fewer workers were needed leaving many jobless
* Population increase - Rack renting and inflation left many without a job or home
41
What were the types of poor
* Deserving - Tho who were too ill or wounded to work, or those who wanted to find work but couldn't
* Underserving - Untrustworthy beggars who had no intrest in honest work
42
What were the common vagabond stratergies published in Thomas Harman's 1567 book
* Counterfeit Crank - Would bite on soap so the mouth would froth and pretend to have a fit on the floor. People would give money and feel sorry
* Baretop Trickster - A woman who would trick men into following them, by buying them a meal, or removing items of clothing. A gang would then beat him and rob him
* Clapper Dudgeon - Cut himself and tie himself in dirty bandages so poeple would feel sympathy and pay him money
* Tom O'Bedlam - Pretend to be mad by barking for hours, follow people or stick a chicken head in his ear. People would pay out of sympathy, or for him to leave them alone
43
What was treatment of beggars like in 1531
* A first offence they were publicaly whipped
* A second offence they had a hole burned in their ear
* A third offence they were hanged
44
Poor law of 1572
* First compulsory law introduced at a local level
* Each parish was resposible for it's own aged, sick and poor
* The JP collected tax from landowners (poor rate)
* Money should be collected weekly, and anyone refusing to pay was imprisoned
45
Poor law of 1576
* Each town was required to provide work for the unemployed and supply raw materials like wool for them to work on
* Institutions were set up, which became known as 'workhouses'
* The poor now fufiled a useful role in the community
46
Poor law of 1597
* A new position of 'Overseer of the Poor' was created
* They caulculated the Poor rate for the parish, collected poor rate from property owners, dispensed money, clothes or food, and supervised the parish poor house
47
Poor law of 1601
* A national system
* Each parish would levy a compulsory poor rate
* Provide working materials and work or apprenticeships for children where orphaned
* Offer relief to the deserving poor and collect poor relief rate from property owners
* Ensure parents and children were responsiboe for each other
* The sytem would remain for 233years
48
Why was religion such a big problem when Elizabeth came to the throne
* Henry VIII broke from the Catholic church officially making the country protestant
* Edward increased protestant rule in the contry
* Mary returned the country back to Catholic faith
* Mary had almost 300 protestants martyred by being burned alive on her orders
49
What was Elizabeth's approach to dealing with religion
* Created her religous settlement, with aspects of each faith in
* Priests were allowed to marry, services were held in English and the book of common prayer was re-introduced (protestant faiths)
* Declared herself governor instead of head of the Church
* Allowed Catholics to worship in their own way in private
* Appointed a moderate protestant, Matthew Parker as Archbishop of Canterbury to Oversee the English Church
50
How were Catholics treated in England when Elizabeth came to the throne
* Many feared protestant retribution for the burnings and persecution from Mary's reign, however they found Elizabeth was trying to bring the country together
* Recusancy fines for Catholics who refused to attend protestant services were also low
51
When did the Pope excommunicate Elizabeth from the Catholic Church and what did this mean
* 27th April 1570, Pope Pius V issued his papal bull
* It called on catholics to end her rule
* Some ignored the papal bull, however some chose to rise up against Elizabeth
52
What did Elizabeth impose in 1581 against Catholics
It was now treason to attend a Ccatholic mass, even in private, and greater fines were introduced for those who failed to attend church services (rose to £20, a very hefty sum)
53
Northen Rebellion
* 9th November 1569
* Duke of Norfolk (also Lord Lieutenant of the North an Elizabeth's 2nd cousin) was prevented for marrying Mary, Queen of Scots
* Norfolk left the Royal Court without permission and headed north
* Westmorland and the Earl of Northumberland took control of Durham Cathedral and celebrated an illegal catholic mass
* They then marched south with around 4600 men
* The Earl of SUssex raised an army and defeated the rebels
* Northumberland was executed
* Westmorten escaped to France wehre he died of poverty
* Norfolk was imprisoned for 10months in the tower of London befor ebeing released and placed under house arrest
54
Ridolfi Plot
* April 1571
* Roberto Ridolfi a Catholic banker from Florence decided that foreign help was needed to stage a rebellion
* He planned to invade England from the Netherlands, and at the same time, another rebellion up North woulld occur
* Elizabeth would be murdered and replaced by Mary, Queen of Scots who would marry Norfolk
* The plan was foiled and Norfolk confesed his involvement and was executed on 2 June 1572
55
Throckmorton Plot
* November 1583
* Led by Sir Francis Throckmorton
* Plan to assasinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots
* Once killed, there would be French Catholic support and a civil Catholic uprising
* When the plot was discovered, Throckmorton was executed, and Mary placed under even closer gaurd
56
Babington Plot
* July 1586
* Attempt to murder Elizabeth and place Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne
* Led by Anthony Babington, he and 5 other men would kill her and rescue Mary from prison
* Babington needed to know if he had Mary's support, so got Mary's servants to hide coded letters in beer barrels
* Her servants actually worked for Walsingham who foiled the plan
* Mary would go on trial for her life
57
Who were the Jesuits and what problems did they cause
* A counter-reformation group and hoped to bring people back to the Catholic religion
* They first arrived in England in 1580, with the aim to converyt he Protestant population to the Catholic faith
* Jesuit priests were seen by Elizabeth as a threat to her rule and those who were caught were treated harshly
* In 1585, a law was passed that called for all Jesuits driven out of England - any were executed
* Those who sheltered them would be arrested
58
What events prooved that Elizabeth would not be overthrown by the Catholics
The defeat of the Spanish Armada and the death of Mary, Queen of Scots
59
1571 law against Catholics
* Recusancy fines for Catholics who didn't take part in Catholic services
* Parliment tried to increase fines, but Elizabeth resisted
* It became illegal to own any Catholic items such as 'Rosary Beads'
60
1585 law against Catholics
* Any Catholic priest who had been ordained after 1559 was considered a traitor and both he and anyone protecting him faced death
* It became legal to kill anyone who attempted to assassinate the Queen
61
1593 law against Catholics
* The 'Statue of Confinement'
* Catholic's could not travel more than five miles from thier home without permission from the authorites
62
Who were the presbyterians
* A small dedicated group of Puritans
* Refused to give in and continued to argue agaisnt what htey saw as a popish Church
* Didin't like the idea of bishops and wanted them removed completely
63
How did puritans close to Elizabeth affect her treatment of them
* Parliament included a number of Puritan MP's such as Sir Peter Wentworth or Anthony Cope who tried to intoduce new laws to change the church, but failed
* Elizabeth's childhood friend and potential husband Robert Dudley was a puritan
* Sir Francis Walsingham was a puritan but was aware that he had little support but offered protection against puritans, by limiting the extent on how much Elizabeth cracked down on them
64
How did puritans close to Elizabeth affect her treatment of them
* Parliament included a number of Puritan MP's such as Sir Peter Wentworth or Anthony Cope who tried to intoduce new laws to change the church, but failed
* Elizabeth's childhood friend and potential husband Robert Dudley was a puritan
* Sir Francis Walsingham was a puritan but was aware that he had little support but offered protection against puritans, by limiting the extent on how much Elizabeth cracked down on them
65
How did Elizabeth's approach and treatment of Puritans change after 1588
* Dudley and Walsingham died in 1588, and 1590, meanign puritanism had lost powerful supporters in court
* She banned unlicensed preaching and enforced attendance at church by imposing recusancy fines
* Elizabeth had Puritan printers punished like John Stubbs
66
How was Mary, Queen of Scots related to Elizabeth
Cousin
67
Why was Mary, Queen of Scots considered a suitable Queen over Elizabeth
* Had a heir (James VI / I)
* Had been Queen of France and Scotland
* More legitimate than Elizabeth (Henry's divorce)
68
Why was Mary, Queen of Scots considered a suitable Queen over Elizabeth
* Had a heir (James VI / I)
* Had been Queen of France and Scotland
* More legitimate than Elizabeth (Henry's divorce)
69
Why did Mary, Queen of Scots have to flee Scotland
* Her first French husband died, so she re-married in Scotland
* He died under suspicious circumstances
* If she stayed in Scotland, she might have been killed
69
Why did Mary, Queen of Scots have to flee Scotland
* Her first French husband died, so she re-married in Scotland
* He died under suspicious circumstances
* If she stayed in Scotland, she might have been killed
70
What happened at Mary, Queen of Scots' trial
* October 1586
* Put on trail in front of 36noblemen including Walsingham and Cecil
* Scentenced to death on 25th October 1586
* Elizabeth signed her death warrant on 1 Feburay the following year
71
When and where was Mary, Queen of Scots' execution
At Fotheringhay Castle on the morning of 8 Feburary
72
Why was Elizabeth reluctant to kill Mary
* Mary's son or the Spanish may seek revenge
* It was killing a fellow monarch
73
What rebellion against Elizabeth was focused more on power and influence rather than religion
Essex's rebellion
74
What shows that Essex was favoured by the Queen
* His father put down the Northern Rebellion of 1569
* In 1595, he was made a Privy Counciler
* He was given the monopoly of sweet wine in England
* Military sucsess against the Spanish in 1596
75
What was Essex's first falling out with Elizabeth
* In 1598, in a Privy Council meeting about Ireland, Essex turned his back on Elizabeth
* She hit him over the head, and he almost drew his sword
* Elizabeth put him under house arrest and he refused to admit he was wrong (genreous of her)
75
What was Essex's first falling out with Elizabeth
* In 1598, in a Privy Council meeting about Ireland, Essex turned his back on Elizabeth
* She hit him over the head, and he almost drew his sword
* Elizabeth put him under house arrest and he refused to admit he was wrong (genreous of her)
76
In January 1599, Elizabeth made Essex Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, why did this cause further problems
* He was reluctant as he feared Cecil would become more powerful with him away
* He failed to defeat the Irish and made a truce with them - which was forbaid
* He knighted army leaders, which Elizabeth forbaid him to do
* When he returned, he returned to her palace, dishevelled and dirty, rushing into her private quaters with her without a wig
77
How did Essex start his rebellion
He took 4 of the privy counicllors hostage and with 200 followers marched to his London house with them
78
How was Essex's rebellion put down
* Celcil labelled his a triator and may abandoned the march
* Supporters (who had abandoned the case) let the hostages go
* Essex and his remaining supporters were arrested
79
When was Essex's rebellion
February 1601
80
What did Essex do to save his soul (not his life) before his execution
Identify many other members of the rebleiion including his sister, Penelope
81
When was Essex executed
25th February 1601
82
How was Essex executed, and why was his execution special
* In exchange for his information, he was executed in private, rather than suffer a public beheading
* Several others were executed, but most of them were fined
82
How was Essex executed, and why was his execution special
* In exchange for his information, he was executed in private, rather than suffer a public beheading
* Several others were executed, but most of them were fined
83
Why did rebellions and plots against Elizabeth fail
* No secrecy - she had an elaborate spy network overseen by Walsingham
* Good life - people were happy with religious freedom
* Punishments - Rebels were tortured and put to death
84
When did Drake circumnavigate the world
1577-1580
85
Why did Drake become a privateer
He and his Cousing John Hawkins made one of the first voyages to Africa, and sold slaves at a Spanish port, but were betrayed, and wanted revenge for being attacked
86
What was Drake's nickname
'El Draque' or 'The Dragon'
87
What did Drake do as a privateeer
Attack enemy ships (mostly spanish), and take their cargo, making them and Elizabeth a fortune
88
What did Drake do as a privateeer
Attack enemy ships (mostly spanish), and take their cargo, making them and Elizabeth a fortune
89
What two features of the age made Drake able to circumnavigate the globe
* Lateeen sails - faster, easier to steer
* Astrolabe - sailors could tell how north/south they were
90
How many ships and men did Drake start his circumnavigation with, and how many returned
164men and 5 ships, returned with 1 ship and 58 men
91
What was the importance of trade with the East
* By eliminating a middleman, England could become far richer
* In 1582, Ralph Fitch reported that trade was more than possible with the east
* Rare products that had never been seen before like spices, silk and porcelain were brought back
92
What was the start of human trade
In 1564, John Hawkins kidnepped several hundred West Africans and sold them at the South Americna coast
93
What was the deal that Sir Walter Raleigh and Elizabeth made in 1584, regarding exploration
Elizabeth gave him permission to explore, colonise and rule any land not already ruled by a Christian - in return he would give the queen 1/5th of gold and silver he found
94
Why was Raleigh a favrioute of Elizabeth's and why did he fall out of favour
* Very lolyal, spending lots of time fighting Catholic rebles in Ireland
* Embarked on voyages to South America to find the legenadry city of gold
* Funded an attempt to establish a colony in North America
* He secretly married one of the queen's ladies in waiting, so was banished from the courth for 5 years
95
To what extent did voyages of discovery affect the wealth of England
* Privateers made lots of money
* Built the foundations of a great trading nation
95
To what extent did voyages of discovery affect the wealth of England
* Privateers made lots of money
* Built the foundations of a great trading nation
96
To what extent did voyages of discovery affect the power of England
* They could hold thier own in any sea battle, and exert force over many weaker countries
97
To what extent did voyages of discovery affect the power of England
* They could hold thier own in any sea battle, and exert force over many weaker countries
98
To what extent did voyages of discovery affect territory
* First attempt to establish a colony in America
* Set the scene to increase exploration and settlements over time
99
Why was Phillip II angered at ELizabeth when she first came to the throne
She did not accept his marriage proposel, just kept him waiting
100
How did the Protestant uprising in the Netherlands of August 1566, affect the relationship between England and Spain
Phillip was ruthless in his response and sent soilders to put it down, and Elizabeth sent money to rebels and allowed volunteers to go help. She also offered protection to.rebel ships allowing them to stay in ports until 1572
101
What was the financial reason for Elizabeth aiding the Dutch rebels
Strong cloth trade
102
What was ELizabeths first act of war against Spain
In 1584, she sent Robert Dudley with 7000 soilders - little was done
103
How did Naval warfare change after 1500
During Henry VIII reign, ships were to get to battle, and not to fight. John Hawkins was put in control of building up the Navy
104
What was a fireship
An old or captured ship that would be set on fire and sent into the middle of a fleet or harbour, causing chaos, terror and damage
105
What was the 'line of battle technique'
Ships would create a single line, end to end, then fire together on the enemy
106
What was Phillips aim of the Spanish Armarda
* Send his armada through the channel to anchor off the Dutch coast
* Soilders under the Duke of Parma would board and land on the Kent coast, and the soilders would march to Londoon
107
What did the Spanish Armada consist of
* 151 ships
* 7000 sailors
* 34,000 soilders
* 180 catholic monks to deliver mass everyday
108
Who commanded the Spanish Armada
The Duke of Medina-Sidonia
109
What was the problem with Medina-Sidonia being put in charge
* He had no maritime experiance
* Each ship had a experianced captain
* The assumption was that the Armada wasn't going to face opposition and so weapons were for the land attack
110
When did the Armada anchour off the Dutch coast, and what was the complication
* 6th August 1588
* Duke of Parma wasn't waiting with his troops, so troops were sent inland to meet them
* The English chose to strike
111
What happened on 7th August 1588
* Drake sent 8 firehsips into the Spanish fleet
* Spanish captains panicked and cut anchor ropes to get away
* Spanish cresent crest was broken
111
What happened on 7th August 1588
* Drake sent 8 firehsips into the Spanish fleet
* Spanish captains panicked and cut anchor ropes to get away
* Spanish cresent crest was broken
112
When was the battle of Gravelines
8th August 1588
113
How did the Spanish loose the Battle of Gravelines
* English ships fired from 100m not sinking any but causing damage
* The Spanish fled, but English gave chase, and continued to pound with cannon fire
113
How did the Spanish loose the Battle of Gravelines
* English ships fired from 100m not sinking any but causing damage
* The Spanish fled, but English gave chase, and continued to pound with cannon fire
114
What was the final blow for the Armarda
* The weather blew them completely off course
* They had no food or water or maps of waters around North Britain
* Survivors were slaughtered by Scots and Irishmen
115
Of the 151 ships, how many returned safely to Spain
65
116
What was the religous effect of the English winning the Spanish Armada
People saw god on the side of protestantism
117
What was the flaw with Spanish ships in the Armada
They were designed for the Mediterranean and struggled to cope with the English Channel and North Sea
117
What was the flaw with Spanish ships in the Armada
They were designed for the Mediterranean and struggled to cope with the English Channel and North Sea
118
What happened to the English Navy after the defeat of the Armada
The country had become close to being invaded, and so the navy was strenghtened, but it was now shown to be a major naval power
119
SML: Introduction
* Agree/Disagree Statement (Safety of Realm Better)
* Keeping Mary Queen not as important factor for her 14 year stay
120
SML: Safety of Realm introduction
Mary was the rightful Catholic heir to the throne, so someone trying to free her was likely at any time
121
SML: Safety of Realm - LOCATION
* In Midlands - far from coast and London, so not near invasion or Elizabeth
* Unaccesable - discorage any thoughts of revolt and rescue
* High ground - gives wider view of flat Earth, ensuring anyone attempting rescue could be spotted
122
SML: Safety of Relam - George Talbot (Earl of Shewsbury) as owner
* Owned 9 estates in area, all without open roads, so getting army there is difficult
* Sheffield Castle (owned by Talbot) only 2 miles away and extremely secure
* In charge of security and very devoted to Elizabeth and Walsingham (unlikely to join plots)
* Write weekly letter with any security changes
* Very rich so could pay for extra expenses - St Bartholemews Day in France in 1572, where he placed 70 gaurds at own expense
123
SML: Safety of Realm conclusion
Most suitable to prevent rescue attempts, or escape and had other more secure options easily accesible
124
SML: Keeping Mary as Queen Intro
Mary related to ELizabeth by grandparents, so had some legitimacy to the throne and was Queen of Scotland and France
125
SML: Keeping Mary as Queen - design
* Well designed and decorated, compared to Talbot's other properties
* Great gallery, tower room, large main bedroom, nursery, Porter's lodge, stables, kitchens, larders, wine cellars and more (9)
* Mary slept on fine linen sheets, and ate off silver plates
* Treated like court, not prison
* Maybe consulted about interior design, especially Turret House
* In a way designed for Mary
126
SML: Keeping Mary as Queen - Bess of Hardwick (Talbot's Wife)
* Devoted supporter of Elizabeth, so unlikely to aid escape
* Moderate protestant - not too anti-Catholic, but not a sympathiser
* Spent lots of time weaving and other duties with her
127
SML: Keeping Mary as Queen - Conclusion
Someone like Hardwick there for Mary shows consideration for her treatment, but not as important as safety
128
SML: Keeping Mary as Queen - Conclusion
Someone like Hardwick there for Mary shows consideration for her treatment, but not as important as safety.
Consideration for company and her comforts
129
SML: CONCLUSION
* Safety more important, as it SML offered high security especilly it's location
* Wherever chosen could be customised for Mary's wants/needs/likes
* Lots of time spent at Sheffield Castle, when there was a security threat even when it was described as 'Cold and Drafty'
* If safety issue occured, she was not treated like a monarch, and was sent to Sheffield Castle
* Treatment always came second to the safety of the relam
* Main communication between Talbot and Elizabeth + Walsingham was weekly letters
* They werre not about threating her like a Queen, they were about security
* Safety more important
130
Trigger cause for Phillip's invasion
Signing of death warrant and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1st+8th August 1588)
131
How long had the Spanish been preparing for the armada
January 1586
132
When did Drake raid the Cadiz harbour
April 1587
133
Why was the raid on Cadiz succsessful
* Destroyed 30 ships
* Delayed invasion for a year, buying time for England
* Destroyed wooden barrells to preserve food that couldn't be remade in time
