Elizabethan England Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Why did England win the Spanish Armada?
A
Drakes attack on Cadiz made Phillip rush preparations, Phillip appointed new leader of armada =Medina Sedonia who was unsuitable for the position, when Spanish fleet anchored at calais english used fire ships to scatter the armada
2
Q
What were some of the things england did when involving themselves with the Netherlands?
A
Money and weapons sent to help the protestants rebel, allowed to use English ports, treaty of nonsuch (1585) allowed elizabeth to send an army of 7000 to help dutch
3
Q
Why did Elizabeth involve herself with the Dutch?
A
Disliked the way protestants were treated by Philip
4
Q
Describe Drake and the Raid on Cadiz?
A
1586 + 1587 Phillip was building an armada to attack england: Drake attacked some of the Spanish fleet at cadiz (singeing of the kings beard), 30 battleships sunk, destroyed large amounts of timber preventing new ships from being built and barells for food supplies being made
5
Q
Why is Drakes raid on cadiz helpful?
A
Gave england another year to prepare
6
Q
Why was parliament concerned about the execution of mary queen of Scots?
A
Elizabeth was reluctant to sign making the parliament and advisors anxious, parliament concerned about the growing Catholic threats
7
Q
What did sir Francis Walsingham do in terms of plots?
A
From 1573 he used a network of spies across England to protect Liz from plots, letters to and from mary were intecepted and deciphered
8
Q
What were some of the challenges from the puritans in terms of the church?
A
Didn’t like the traces of Catholic church such as decoration, felt in the communion Jesus’s was spiritual not physical, Elizabeth felt they wouldn’t plot with the Catholic powers
9
Q
What were some challenges from the catholics in terms of the church?
A
Many catholics in church spoke against it but couldn’t stop the passing of the acts, upset that it didn’t permit the Latin masses so held in secret, pope excommunicated elizabeth which encouraged catholics to disobey her leading to plots
10
Q
What were the Spanish invasion plans?
A
Phillip planned to sail to Calais and pick up troops fighting in the Netherlands,invasion would be a signal for catholics to rebel, Catholic church would be restored in England
11
Q
What were the consequences of English victory?
A
War against Spain continued, invasion threat still existed, England continued to support Netherlands, English sailors still attacked Spanish ships
12
Q
Why do many in France believe mary should be ruler?
A
Elizabeth’s heir, roman Catholic married to French kings son
13
Q
What was happening between between France and England in 1558?
A
At war with France and invasion threat was great/largd
14
Q
Why was Parliament called?
A
Called if ruler needed more money, didn’t like to do this as it gave parliament too much power
15
Q
Why dud some catholics accept the new church?
A
Some decor, Elizabeth was supreme governor not supreme head like king Henry the 8th
16
Q
Why did elizabeth call parliament?
A
When she needed them to grant money from taxes to pay for the running and defence of the country, usually called for finance
17
Q
How did many people feel about elizabeth being not married?
A
As a single woman they felt she couldn’t offer a strong, effective monarchy, issue of an heir
18
Q
What was the privy council?
A
Consisted of 19 men, leasing nobles who had great power, help run the government, advise Queen
19
Q
What was the revolt timeline?
A
Revolt of the northern earls = 1569
Ridolfi plot = 1571
Throckmorton plot = 1583
Babington plot = 1586
20
Q
Why did Spain invade england?
A
Mary’s execution
21
Q
Why was Mary executed?
A
Proof of plot involvement
Claim to throne
Babington plot as it was to kill elizabeth
22
Q
Why was Mary a threat?
A
Had an heir
Catholic
Legitimate claim
23
Q
Who was Sir Francis Walsingham?
A
Known as the spy master
Elizabeth secret secretary of state
Intercept last plots in 1586 - Mary involved
24
Q
What did the Act of Supremacy make Elizabeth?
A
Supreme governor of the church of England
25
Why dud elizabeth treat catholics more harshly as her reign went on?
Due to Catholic plots and threats from abroad
26
Why were puritans unhappy with the religious settlement?
Didn't believe in the head of the church and wanted nk decoration (to be pure)
27
Who were recusants?
People who refused to attend protestant church services
28
What did the pope do in 1570 to show his disapproval of the religious settlement?
Excommunicated elizabeth
29
Why was the privy council important?
Advised the queen on big decisions but didn't control her
30
How much debt did elizabeth inherit when she came to the throne?
Inherited a debt of £300000 from her sister mary 1
31
Why was Elizabeth deemed illegitimate?
Catholics didn't recognise the marriage of her parents due to Henry viii's previous divorce
32
Why didn't elizabeth execute mary sooner?
Because it was frowned upon, if one did it more would follow, you were placed there by God, divine right
33
How did elizabeth resolve religious problems?
Religious settlement = act of supremacy and act of uniformity
34
What were the 3 religious groups in England called?
Protestant
Catholic
Puritan
35
How did elizabeth settle tensions with France?
Cateau of cambrais which was a peace treaty with France in January 1559
36
What countries challenged eluzabetb when she came to the throne?
France
Scotland
Spain
37
How did elizabetht solve the problem of debt?
Sold crown lands and cut back on government spending
38
Why did mary arrive in England in 1568?
Mary had been forced to abdicate the throne as it was thought she was involved in the murder of her 2nd husband
39
What happened when mary arrived in England?
Elizabeth kept her captive as it was thought catholics would wish her to be on the throne
40
What was Mary's executed.
●Didn't want to execute fellow monarch as they were placed there by God
●Mary's arrival increased the fears of plots+rebellions
● relations between England and Spain worsened from 1569
●Mary's presence was a growing threat
41
What were reasons for the increase in poverty?
Farmers couldn't pay increased rent so moved to towns in search of work, spinners and weavers lost their jobs in the wool indusrty, rise in population so not enough jobs for everyone poor harvests and rising prices of food
42
What was the act of relief of the poor act in 1563?
Said there was a class of people who were deserving poor (young and old) they couldn't find employment and the idle poor (beggars who turned to crime), local parish could collect money to help the poor
43
What was the 1572 vagabonds act?
Stated that people who were caught begging would be whipped and burned through the ear
44
What was the 1576 Act of the Relief of the poor?
County would build two houses of correction for beggars, beggars would be forced to work, justices of the peace in towns had to keep stock of materials to make sure those who were genuinely in need of work were given work
45
Factors prompting exploration?
Development of charts showing longitude and latitude, wanted to spread protestants, new trading markets following collapse of the wool trade
46
How technology increased exploration?
Printing press meant maps and other geographical literature was available i
47
Reasons for Drakes circumnavigation?
Intended to attack Spanish ships and territory, win new lands for elizabeth, establish new trade routes, make profit for himself and elizabetha
48
Attempted colonisation of roanoak?
In 1585 a 100 men were left to colonise, Drake visited in 1586 and took the starving colonists back with him, second attempt in 1587
49
Reasons for the failure of the colonisation of Virginia?
Colonists not able to produce enough food, colonists arrived too late in the year to harvest crops, relations with natives were poor, natives angered by them
50
Significance of Drakes journey?
First english sailor to circumnavigate the world, returned with jewels, gold and silver making a fortune for himself and backers, after journey Spain demanded him be punished but elizabeth knighted him, helped lay foundations of English future empire
51
When was Mary Queen of Scots executed?
Executed on Feb 1587
52
Why was education like during Elizabeth reign?
-Saw it as important part of life to rise up social ladder
-Number of children increased but majority illiterate
-It was a luxury
53
What was the difference between gender and wealth in education during Elizabeth's reign?
•Mainly boys attended from wealthy society
•Children of nobility had private tutor
•Grammar schools attended by the gentry, merchants, yeoman, had to pay
•Girls taught at home
54
Wha was Mary Queen of Scots executed?
1587
55
What colony was established in 1587?
Roanoake
56
What happened at Roanoke?
John White returned to England to report problems but when he went back to Roanoke no one was there
57
What year was the Babington plot?
1586
58
What was the Babington plot?
Invasion, kill Elizabeth, Babington wrote to mary about plot, uncovered by Francis Walsingham
59
What was the churchs role in society during Elizabeth's reign?
People lives revolved around the church, it ran schools, leading a good life with the church lead to everlasting life after death
60
What happened in 1559 to do with religion?
Religious settlement (act of supremacy, act of uniformity)
61
What was included in the Act of Supremacy?
☆Elizabeth became Supreme Governor
☆People accepted as the Pope was still the overall head
62
What was the Act Of Uniformity?
○Clergy had to swear an oth to her
○Church service in english
○Bible in English
○Catholic features such as candles, crosses kept
○Clergy allowed to mary
○Prayers for queen in services
63
What did some catholics do when the church was English?
Catholics objected so held Latin masses in secret
64
What happened if you didn't attend church?
One shilling fine
65
When did the Babington plot happen?
1583
66
What plot happended in 1583?
Throckmorton plot
67
What was the Throckmorton plot?
Invade England, free mary, Francis Walsingham uncovered plot
68
What years was Francis Drakes circumnavigation?
1577-80
69
How much money did Francis Drake come back with from his circumnavigation?
£400,000 from the raids of Spanish ports
70
What year was the poor relief act?
1576
71
What was the 1576 poor relief act?
Poor divided into able-bodied and impotent, justices of peace kept a stock of materials to ensure those who needed work were given some, if refused went to prison, 2 houses of correction where they'd be forced to work,
72
What happened in 1587 in spanish?
Singeing of the kings beard
73
What happened at the event called the signgeing of the kings beard?
Francis Drake attacked spanish fleet preparing to invade England, successfully delayed spanish attack on England, more time to prepare
74
What challenges did Elizabeth face from France when she came to the throne?
Debt of £300,000 from French war, war meant threat of invasion, many in France believed mary should be ruler, Liz spent £100,000 on arms and munitions although in debt
75
When was the Vagabonds act?
1572
76
What was the Vagabonds act?
Established poor rate, towns responsible to find work for the able bodied, Vagabonds not allowed to exists, laws to punish if they were found
77
Why did education become increasingly desirable during Elizabeth's reign?
Due to changes brought by the renaissance and printing press
78
79
What plot happened in 1571?
Ridolfi plot
80
When was the Ridolfi plot?
1571
81
What was the Ridolfi plot?
Invasion of England by Spain, kill Liz, put mary of throne
82
Whst happened in 1586 to the colony of Virginia?
The colonists abandoned it, resistance of natives
83
Why did the colony of Virginia fail?
wrong mix of skills to make it successful, voyage set off to late for crops to be planted, depended on natives
84
Factors promoting exploration?
•Sailors able to gain from spanish+Portuguese sailors experience
•Development if charts showing longitude and latitude
•New trade markets needed
•Spread protestantism
•Need new routes to China+India
85
Why did the English need to find new trading markets (exploration)?
Due to collapse of the wool trade
86
What was an astrolable?
Instrument used by sailors to calculate their position by the stars
87
When was the revolt of the northern earls?
1569
88
What revolt happened in 1569?
Revolt of the Northern Earls
89
What happened during the revolt of the northern earls?
Plot with Duke of Northfolk to overthrow elizabeth and replace her with mary, Liz sent an army of 14,000 to crush revot
90
What was the attempted colonisation of virginia?
-Elizabeth granted the right in 1584
-First settlement, 100+ men to colonise land
91
When was the second colonisation of Roanoke?
1587
92
What was the statue of artificers?
Ensure poor relief collected, 1563
93
What year was the statue of artificers (ensure poor relief collected)?
1563
94
What year did mary flee to Spain?
1568 after unsuccessful attempts to win back the throne
95
96
What year was the Armada?
1588
97
What happened during the Armada?
Philip 2nd of Spain launches Armada, Spain failed, fireships caused fleet to scatter and forced to sail around UK, got destroyed by storms
98
When was the first colony of Virginia?
1585
99
Why did the fist colonisation of virginia happen?
Increased trade, expand protrstantism, base attacks for Spain
100
What groups were there due to the 1563 act for the relief of the poor?
○Deserving poor (young and old)
○Deserving unemployed (who could work but not find work)
○Idle poor (beggars who turned to crime)
101
Why did Raleigh want to colonise?
•keen to show colony in north America would be crucial in attacking Spanish empire + treasure ships
•Settlers of colony prevent French colonisation
•Opportunity to acquire new resources
•Reduce England's dependency on Europe
•Lay England's future empire foundations
102
Reasons for Drakes circumnavigation?
•Make himself and backers profits
•Revenge for attack on Hawkins fleet
•Win Liz new land
•Establish new trade routes
103
Reasons for Drakes circumnavigation (spain)?
•Wanted to attack spanish ship+territories
•Weaken power of Spain in Europe
104
Significance of Drake's circumnavigation?
○First english sailor to circumnavigate world
○Made a fortune for himself+backers
○Like Raleigh helped lay foundations for future empire
105
What happened due to Drakes circumnavigation to do with Spain?
¤Led to greater rivalry with Spain
¤Spain demanded Drake to be punished but Liz knighted him
106
What did Walter Raleigh promote?
In the 1580's promoted the idea of establishing a colony in the new world (America)
107
108
Reasons for the failure of Virginia?
▪︎Colonists unable to produce enough food
▪︎Secotans (natives) became unfriendly/relationship poor
▪︎Harbour was poor
109
Why were people fearful of Vagabonds?
Might spread plague and cause rebellion, fear they posed a threat to law and order
110
What laws were passed to solve the poor problem?
1563- Statue of Artificiers
1572- Vagabonds Act
1576- Poor relief Act
111
What were some attitudes towards the poor?
☆Felt Vagabonds made no attempt to find work
☆Hospitals set up for poor+insane
☆Idleness seen ad a sin, punishment needed to be given
112
What was the structure of society when elizabeth came to the throne in 1558?
Governed and based on hierarchy
113
When was the treaty of cateau cambresis?
Peace treaty between France and England
114
When was the Treaty of Cateau of Cambrais?
1559
115
When was Elizabeth 1 crowned?
1558
116
When was the religious settlement?
1558
117
What were some reasons for the increase in poverty to do with farmers?
°Some enclosed their land
°Switched to sheep farming so less labourers needed
°Farmers couldn't afford increased rent so moved to towns for work
°Poor harvest led to rising food prices
118
Why did poverty increases due to Henry 8th?
Ablotion of monasteries so no systems to help poor
119
Reasons for the increase of poverty due to the wool trade?
Spinners and weavers lost job as wool industry experts fell dramatically in 1550
120
Reasons for the increased poverty rate due to money?
Inflation increased after 1570 and poor harvests led to rising food prices
121
122
Why were wandering bands of actors - strolling players banned (theatre) ?
They could be the cause of diseases spread and rebellion
123
What bad things did the theatre cause to spread?
Spread plague, people miss work, thieves to gather
124
Why did somr people oppose theatre?
Kept people away from church
125
Why did people like theatre?
Cheap entertainment
126
What happened to Elizabeth and religion in 1570?
Excommunicated
127
Consequences of Elizabeth's excommunication?
Loyalty of English catholics towards elizabeth now in doubt
128
What year was Elizabeth's excommunicated?
1570
129
What were some Elizabethan sports?
□Hunting, archery, fishing, wrestling, football
□Gambling on bear and bull baiting
□Cock fighting and racing
130
Technology during Elizabeth's reign?
•Printing press
•More sophisticated astrolables
•Ship design changed
•More rapid fire guns
131
Impact of printing press?
Geographical literature more readily available
132
Impact of more sophisticated astrolables?
Sailors determine position with greater precision
133
Impact of ship design changing?
Stronger, faster, made it easier to journey across Atlantic, triangular lateen sail which enabled ships to use wind from all directions
134
Impact of more rapid firing?
Advantage when facing spanish
135
136
Elizabeth's personal problems?
☆Illegitmate
☆Female ruling alone
☆ Needed heir
☆People feared she wouldn't chose advisors wisley
137
Why was Elizabeth seen as illegitimate?
Parents had an illegal marriage
138
Why was her a female ruling alone not liked?
Seen as weak and vulnerable
139
What were some Elizabeth's past times?
•Visiting Inns and Taverns
•Many feast days = opportunity to drink and dance
140
What happened if you were found begging after the 1572 Vagabonds act?
Burned through the ear and whippef
141
Challenges from abroad in 1558?
-French threat
-Auld Alliance
-War is expensive
-Spanish war ended with France
-Treaty of Cateau Cambrais
142
What was the French threat (challenges from abroad in 1558)?
-France wealthier
-Bigger population
-Mary Queen if Scots married to French heir
-If French invaded, English catholics might gather to her
143
What was the Auld Alliance (challenges from abroad in 1558)?
-Frances alliance with Scotland
-James V's widow ruled there on behalf of Mary Queen of Scots
-Kept French soldiers there, could attack England
144
What was the problem with war is expensive (challenges from abroad in 1558)?
Crown in debt, couldn't afford war with France, Scotland or Spain
145
Why was France ending war with Spanish a challenge from abroad?
-More French military available as not at war with Spain
-So english war more likely
-France+Spain Catholic, unite against protestant England
-Spainish troops in Netherlands
146
Why was the Treaty of Cateau Cambrais a challenge from abroad in 1558?
-England lost Calais to France 🇫🇷
-Pressure on Liz to regain it
-Last remaining territory Europe
-War would be dangerous + 💰
147
How did Elizabeth deal with the challenges?
-Signed peace of Troyes (1564) to avoid war with France, 🇫🇷 claim to calais
-Mary Queen of Scots imprisoned
-1569=only threat left was Spain
148
What was the royal injunctions?
All Clergy had to:
-Teach royal supremacy
-Report those refusing to attend church
-Keep copy of bible in English
-Wear vestments (special clothes)
149
Impacts of religious Settlement?
Majority accepted, 8000/10000 Clergy accepted
