els Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
is all space and time, celestial matters, and other forms of energy and matter
A
universe
2
Q
content or composition of the universe
A
-baryonic matter
-dark matter
-dark energy
3
Q
building block of galaxies
A
stars
4
Q
small, rocky debris that orbit the sun
A
asteroid
5
Q
building blocks of the universe
A
galaxies
6
Q
a system of a sun and the objects that moves around it
A
solar system
7
Q
the study of the origin of universe
A
cosmology
8
Q
hypothesis about the universe that is built upon religion and beliefs prior to the scientific theories
A
religious cosmologies
9
Q
leucippus and democritus believed that the universe starts w/ an atom
A
atomic universe
10
Q
aristotle and ptolemy states that earth is a center of all things
A
geocentric universe
11
Q
the sun is at the center of the solar system and the earth revolves around the sun
A
theory helocentric
12
Q
what are the three theories of the universe?
A
-steady state theory/infinite universe
-pulsating/oscillating theory
-big bang theory
13
Q
who proposed steady state theory/infinite universe?
A
fred hoyle, thomas gold, and herman bondi
14
Q
it states that the universe has been present ever since
A
steady state theory/infinite universe
15
Q
it states that the universe contract-expand
A
pulsating/oscillating theory
16
Q
it states that the universe began as an extremely hot and dense point and has been expanding ever since
A
big bang theory
17
Q
what belt is between mars and jupiter?
A
asteroid belt
18
Q
what belt is between neptune and pluto?
A
kuiper belt
19
Q
has the sun, planets, dwarf planet, comet, asteroids, and meteors
A
solar system
20
Q
a gravitationally bound system of the sun and the objects that orbit it
A
solar system
21
Q
what are the solar system hypotheses?
A
-nebular
-encounter
-capture theory
-solar fission
-interstellar theory
22
Q
the sun and a passing star (rogue star) interacted w/ each other
A
encounter theory
23
Q
posits that the solar system formed from tidal interactions between the sun and low-density protostar
A
capture theory
24
Q
the expansion of galaxies in that stars move away from the hub and moons move away from their planets
A
solar fission theory
25
the sun, in its present form, passed through a dense interstellar cloud and emerged enveloped in a cloud of dust and gas, from which the planets eventually formed
interstellar theory
26
what are the earth's four spheres (subsystem)
-lithosphere
-atmosphere
-hydrosphere
-biosphere
27
region of the planet where organism live
biosphere
28
earth is surrounded by the blanket air
atmosphere
29
contains all the water found on our planet
hydrosphere
30
a solid, rocky crust covering the entire planet
lithosphere
31
what is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
nitrogen
32
layer of the earth's atmosphere
-exosphere
-thermosphere
-mesosphere
-stratosphere
-troposphere
33
1200°C
800 to 3000km
spaceships & satellites
exosphere
34
15 to 56.5°C
0 to 12-18km
hot air balloons & planes
troposphere
35
-2.5 to 86.5°C
40-50 to 80-90km
meteors & meteorological rockets
mesosphere
36
-86.5 to 1200°C
80-90 to 800km
aurora
thermosphere
37
-56.5 to -2.5°C
11 to 50km
radiosonde
stratosphere
38
it is the outermost layer of the earth, and sustains life
crust
39
what are the two parts of crust?
1. continental
2. oceanic
40
thickest layer of the earth
mantle
41
four different layers of mantle
1. lithosphere
2. asthenosphere
3. peridotite
4. lower mantle
42
responsible for generating the earth's magnetic field
outer core
43
hottest layer of the earth, and the deepest layer
inner core
44
layers of the earth
-crust
-mantle
-outer core
-inner core
45
are composed of one or more minerals
rocks
46
are natural earth materials that must be mined from the ground
minerals
47
are the basic building blocks of rocks
minerals
48
identity of minerals
chemical property
49
characteristics of mineral
physical property
50
physical properties of minerals
-color
-lustre
-cleavage
-hardness
-fracture
-streak
51
they study the materials, processes, products, physical nature, and history of the earth
geologist
52
the visible hue of the mineral
color
53
how minerals reflect light
lustre
54
resistance to scratching, and measure on the mohs scale
hardness
55
the powder color of a mineral when its dragged
streak
56
flat surface
cleavage
57
irregular shape
fracture
58
5 requirements of minerals
1. naturally occuring or not man made
2. inorganic or not made by an organism
3. solid
4. definite chemical composition
5. ordered internal structure
59
is the scientific study of rocks. they classify rocks based on how they were formed
petrology
60
is the study of the earth and its history
geology
61
formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material that originates deep within the earth
igneous rock
62
what are the two types of igneous rock?
1. extrusive/volcanic rock
2. intrusive/plutonic rock
63
forms when magma makes its way to the earth's surface
extrusive/volcanic rock
64
it cools slowly beneath the earth surface and are created by magma
intrusive/plutonic rock
65
the crystal are very small (fined grained) since the cooling process is fast
extrusive/volcanic rock
66
have a very large crystals (coarse grained)
intrusive/plutonic rock
67
igneous rocks are classified based on 1. ____ and 2. ____
1. composition
2. texture
68
light in color; fieldspar and silicates
felsic
69
dark in color; made up of magnesium and iron
mafic
70
between felsic and mafic
intermediate
71
very dark color
ultramafic
72
fined grained
aphanistic
73
coarse grained
phaneritic
74
large crystals w/ small crystals
porphyritic
75
non-ordered solid from rapid quenching
glassy
76
composite of ejected fragments
pyroclastic
77
formed from pre-existing rocks: either metamorphic, igneous, seminetary
metamorphic rock
78
metamorphic rocks are classified based on?
-texture
-foliation
-foliated
-non-foliated
79
made up only few minerals gabbro
non-foliated
80
size arrangement and grains within the rock
texture
81
any planar arrangement of mineral grains or structural features within the rock
foliation
82
appeared banded or layered, contains crystals
foliated
83
provide info about surface conditions that existed in the earth's past
sedimentary rock
84
compaction - due to increase of pressure of layered sediments, it binds together to form ____
sedimentary rock
85
what are the three types of sedimentary rocks?
1. chemical
2. organic
3. clastic
86
formed from accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken rocks & shells
clastic
87
formed when dissolved minerals precipitate from a solution
chemical
88
formed when the accumulation of animal debris
organic
89
sun heats the ground
radiation
90
ground heats the air
conduction
91
warm air rises
convection
92
it is the rate of temperature change with respect to increasing depth in earth's interior
geothermal gradient
93
the head generated during the earth's formation came from the ff. sources:
-accretion energy
-adiabatic compression
-core formation energy
-decay of short-lived radio-isotopes
primordial heat
94
the heat generated by long-term radioctive decay
radioactive heat
95
occurs at the mantle but not between the core and the mantle or even the lithosphere or asthenosphere
convection
96
this happens when rocks in a region of earth's crust is subjected to force of compression
folding
97
what are the types of folds?
-anticline
-syncline
-monocline
98
a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock
faults
99
what are the types of faults
-normal fault
-reverse fault
-strike-slip fault
100
primary forces that continuously change the earth's surface
volcanism
101
a molten and semi-molten rock mixture found under the surface of the earth
magma
102
give rise to magma and cause its movement to the earth
volcanism
103
circular cone of hardened lava, ash and tephra around a single vent
cinder cone
104
violent eruptions, and longer period between eruptions
composite or stratovolcanoes
105
covers expulsion of gases, lava and solid materials from the opening of earth's crust
volcanism
106
acidic lava, which is very viscous (sticky)
composite or stratovolcanoes
107
no layers, just consists of lava
shield volcano
108
less violent, and shorter period between eruptions
shield volcano
109
basic lava, which is non-acidic and very runny
shield volcano
110
what are the four types of earthquake?
1. tectonic
2. explosion
3. collapse
4. volcanic
111
involves the upward movement of earth's mostly solid mantle
decompression melting
112
occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock because these compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperature. also occurs around subduction zones
flux melting
113
a rising magma from the mantle brings heat with it and transfer heat to their surrounding rocks at shallower depths which may melt
heat transfer melting
114
sudden movement of a block of the earth's crust along a geological fault and associated ground shaking
earthquake
115
rocks breaks into smaller fragments
exogenic process
116
minerals dissolve into elements
-dissolution
-oxidation
chemical weathering
117
physical/naturally happening
mechanical weathering
118
cracks and fractures or 'nagbabalat' ung rocks
exfoliation
119
states that the continents were once in a large landmass called pangaea, and was proposed by alfred wegner
continental drift theory
120
an ancient greek word means 'all land' or 'entire earth'
pangaea
121
period of visible life where rapid expansion and evolution of life
phanerozoic eon
122
"beginning of early life"
paleozoic era
123
"time of hidden life"
precambrian time
124
age of reptiles or dinosaurs
mesozoic era
125
age of mammals
cenozoic era
126
accounts for 88% earth's history
precambrian
127
few rocks were deformed
hadean eon
128
rifting continental rust
proterozoic
129
marine rocks contains fossils remains of microscopic algae & bacteria
archean eon
