ELSS Key Figures

Question 1

How much run off speeds increase by (AT)

Answer 1

x27

Question 2

Depth active layer increases

Answer 2

7 metres / 26 years

Question 3

Annual average rain ARF

Answer 3

> 2000mm

Question 4

Average Annual rain AT

Answer 4

137mm

Question 5

Average temp. range ARF

Answer 5

2 degrees

Question 6

Average temp. range AT

Answer 6

33 degrees

Question 7

Average temp ARF

Answer 7

27.7 degrees

Question 8

Average temp AT

Answer 8

-12 degrees

Question 9

Amount of Amazon deforested

Answer 9

1/5 since 1970s

Question 10

Warming rate of the Arctic

Answer 10

Twice global average, roughly 2.7 degrees since 70s

Question 11

Amount of ARF now a source

Answer 11

20%

Question 12

Amount of carbon stored in permafrost

Answer 12

1600GT

Question 13

Helsinki Rules

Answer 13

1966 - “Equitable share” of drainage basin

Question 14

Berlin Rules

Answer 14

2004 - “equitable share” as well as environmental protection and human rights to water

Question 15

Zero tillage

Answer 15

No ploughing - reduces carbon lost via oxidation, reduces run off & overland flow by compacted soils

Question 16

Mulching

Answer 16

Leaving old matter in soil - increased soil fertility = higher growth and yield - more organic matter in soil = more porous = better infiltration capacity = less flooding

Question 17

Domestic ways to reduce water

Answer 17

More efficient appliances (eco settings on washers)

Limiting daily usage (turning tap off whilst brushing teeth)

Question 18

Ways to conserve water in industry

Answer 18

Reusing recycled wastewater

Question 19

Ways to conserve water in agriculture

Answer 19

Drip irrigation
Reusing recycled waste water
Rainwater collecters

Question 20

Amount of water coming from groundwater - North

Answer 20

15%

Question 21

Amount of water coming from groundwater - South

Answer 21

72%

Question 22

Amount of water coming from groundwater- Israel

Answer 22

40%

Question 23

Amount of carbon in Peak District

Answer 23

20 million GT

Question 24

Equivalence to peat bog restoration (Peak)

Answer 24

Planting 15,000 broad leaved trees annually

Question 25

Amount of PD peat bog restored

Answer 25

23 km^2

Question 26

Area Ramsar covers

Answer 26

208 million hectares, almost size of Mexico

Question 27

How much Aral Sea shrank by

Answer 27

70% (surface area) | almost 80% volume

Question 28

Countries in Aral Sea Drainage Basin

Answer 28

Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan

Question 29

Global warming tipping point

Answer 29

2 degrees

Question 30

Amount suffering/could suffer water shortages

Answer 30

Currently 1 billion | Up to 2 billion by 2025

Question 31

Amount of freshwater used by agriculture

Answer 31

at least 90%

Question 32

Freshwater distribution

Answer 32

Less than 10% of countries possess 60% of worlds freshwater

Question 33

Amount of GGE coming from agriculture

Answer 33

up to one third of global emissions

Question 34

Methane released from paddy fields

Answer 34

50-100 million tonnes/year

Question 35

Methane released by intensive farming

Answer 35

100 million tonnes/year

Question 36

Remote sensing: OCO 3

Answer 36

NASA - determines atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations using spectrum

Question 37

Remote sensing:ICE SAT 2

Answer 37

American Space Agency - measures sea ice thickness using light particles sent in pulses

Question 38

Amount of sea ice lost since 1980s in far north

Answer 38

2/3 of its volume

Question 39

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Answer 39

carbon dioxide captured from industry - compressed into liquid - transported via subsea platform to offshore platform (eg Goldeneye off Aberdeenshire Coast) - injected into storage in porous rock below impermeable cap rock

Question 40

Pros of CCS

Answer 40

Goldeneye: could capture 1 million tonnes carbon dioxide per year, provide clean electricity to over 500,000 homes; good UK potential; reduce power station emissions by 80-90%

Question 41

Cons of CCS

Answer 41

Expensive to research/install, controversial over burying and safety, should invest in renewables

Question 42

Changes in atmospheric carbon store

Answer 42

``` 1750 - just under 280ppm 1850 - 280ppm 1950s - 310ppm 2013 - exceeded 400ppm • Increased 130ppm since 1970s, average temp increase 0.85 degrees since 1880s ```

Question 43

Anthropogenic carbon emissions

Answer 43

10 billion tonnes released annually Fossil fuels = 3/4 of global energy consumption 1750-2012: 69% emissions from fossil fuels, 30% from land use - 44% stored in atmosphere, 30% in oceans, 26% land