Sri Lanka Case Studies (A1 Mocks)

Question 1

Define Social Inequality

Answer 1

Differences in opportunities/rewards for different groups of people, e.g. education, employment, housing, healthcare based on their age,gender, sexuality, ethnicity etc

Question 2

Define Spatial Inequality

Answer 2

The unequal distribution of factors such as income, health or education across a geographic space at any scale

Question 3

Define Deprivation

Answer 3

General lack of resources and opportunities

Question 4

Define Multiple Deprivation

Answer 4

The lagging-behind of members of society in a number of related aspects of life (Positive Feedback Cycle)

Question 5

Define Quality of Life

Answer 5

Sense of well-being, qualitative as it is a personal view and difficult to measure

Question 6

Define Standard of Living

Answer 6

Material possessions and wealth, quantitative as it can be measured

Question 7

Social Inequality Measures

Answer 7

Housing tenure: owner occupied, rented, social housing, squatters
Healthcare: doctor-patient ratio, morbidity levels, clean water&sanitation
Education: literacy levels, exam success
Employment: wages, informal employment, primary sector/low-level services
Access to services: number of facilities, mobile phone networks & broadband
Income: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) - in poverty if below $1.25/day (comparison of actual cost of living), disposable income

Question 8

What is Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)?

Answer 8

UK Gov. Measure
Ranks all 32,844 Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) from 1 (most deprived) to 32,844 (least)
Based on income, employment, education, health, crime, barriers to housing&services and living environment
Pros: LSOAs contain 650-1500 households so can identify small pockets of deprivation, considers 7 factors
Cons: ranking by deciles only shows there is a different in inequality (not by how much), only collected in UK

Question 9

What is the Gini Coefficient?

Answer 9

Measures a country’s income distribution
Given a value 0-1 (closer to 1=more inequality)
0.4 = International Red Alert for Severe Income Inequality
Pros: shows wealth disparities
Cons: no indication of wealth, just the spread of it

Question 10

What is Human Development Index (HDI)?

Answer 10

Devised by UN
Based on economic criteria (GDP per capita adjusted for PPP), life expectancy and literacy rates
Ranked from 0 (least developed) to 1 (most developed)
Pros: useful for comparing whole world, considers social&economic factors and actual cost of living
Cons: value for whole country hides inequality within

Question 11

Define Global Shift

Answer 11

The relocation of manufacturing across the globe
Manufacturing moved from western Europe/USA/Japan to China/southeast Asia
Some services industries moved e.g. call centres to India
ACs focussing on high tech R&D and tertiary sector

Question 12

What is the New International Division of Labour?

Answer 12

Traditional manufacturing countries of the west becoming more focussed on services industries with manufacturing moving to EDCs/LIDCs

Question 13

Define Employment Structure

Answer 13

Proportion of people employed in 3 key sectors (primary/secondary/tertiary)

Question 14

Define Structural Change

Answer 14

Change in a country’s employment structure

Question 15

Cons of Global Shift (ACs)

Answer 15

Rise in unemployment = less disposable income = lack of spending power = selective outmigration from inner city area = spiral of decline
Rationalisation of manufacturing sector = cost cutting & wage decrease = factory closures = empty/derelict buildings/wastelands

Question 16

Pros of Global Shift (ACs)

Answer 16

Cheaper labour = cheaper goods
Cheap land & falling wages = Foreign Direct Investment (e.g. Nissan near Sunderland in 70s/80s)
Improved environmental quality (closure of heavy industries)
Creation of more relevant/efficient/productive industries

Question 17

Pros of Global Shift (EDCs/LIDCs)

Answer 17

Growth of manufacturing industries spreads wealth & growth of workers’ rights
Reduction in negative trade balance
Trickled-down effect to local areas with more highly paid jobs
Increase in new technologies, skills and labour productivity

Question 18

Cons of Global Shift (EDCs/LIDCs)

Answer 18

Growth of inequality between rural/urban areas
Over dependence on a narrow economic base
Destabilises food supplies as agricultural output declines
Decrease in social welfare (exploitation by TNCs)
Environmental issues with industrialisation

Question 19

Sri Lanka Population

Answer 19

22 million

Question 20

Largest city in Sri Lanka & population

Answer 20

Colombo, 613,000

Question 21

Sri Lanka’s Ethnicity/Relgion

Answer 21

74. 9% Sinhalese (mainly Buddhists)

11. 2% Tamils (mainly Hindu)

Question 22

Sri Lanka’s Economy

Answer 22

EDC
Strong economic growth since end of civil war
Little development under British Colonial rule (mainly agricultural growing tea, rubber & coconut)
Growth in secondary sector
50% of population works in tertiary sector

Question 23

Gender equality in Sri Lanka

Answer 23

Patriarchal society
35% of women have a job
Women’s unemployment 2x higher than men’s (7% vs 2.9%)

Question 24

Sri Lanka’s recent history

Answer 24

1948: gained independence after 150 yrs British colonial rule
1983: start of civil war - Tamil Tigers objected to domination of island by Sinhalese, wanted own state in north/east, lasted 26 years, up to 100,000 killed
2004: Boxing Day Tsunami, killed 40,000 people

Question 25

Sri Lanka’s Economic Development - Key Stats

Answer 25

GDP per capita: roughly doubled over 9 year period since end of the civil war; $2054 (2009) - $2744 (2010); plateaued recently HDI: gradually increased; 0.625 (1990) - 0.77 (2020); no significant increase since end of civil war (0.745 in 2010)

Question 26

National Inequality - overall stats

Answer 26

Gini coefficient: 0.39 Average household monthly income: top 10% earned 16x the bottom 10% in 2016 ($1144 vs $71) 85% of those in bottom 10% are from rural sector

Question 27

National Inequality - which areas?

Answer 27

Colombo District - south west coast Batticaloa District - East coast Poverty rate in Batticaloa 5.5x higher than Colombo

Question 28

National Inequality: Ethnicity/Religion

Answer 28

Colombo: 77% sinhalese Batticaloa: 72% Tamil

Question 29

National Inequality: Poverty headcount index

Answer 29

Colombo: 0.9% (lowest of all districts) Batticaloa: 11.3% (3rd highest)

Question 30

National inequality: computer literacy rate

Answer 30

Colombo: 44% Batticaloa: 17%

Question 31

National Inequality: Mean Monthly Household income (Rupees)

Answer 31

Colombo: 104,581 (highest of all districts) Batticaloa: 40,356 (one of lowest)

Question 32

National Inequality: Literacy Rates

Answer 32

Colombo: 96% (97% Males 95% Females) Batticaloa: 85% (87% Males 84% Females)

Question 33

Reasons for Poverty: Batticaloa

Answer 33

One of most conflict affected districts (civil war) - 20% of the 1000+ schools closed until 2009, destruction of homes&infrastructure, 500,000 residents fled 58% of residents in agriculture yet low agricultural productivity - one of five districts with the lowest productivity in paddy farming 2010/11 2011 flooding - destroyed thousands of homes & drowned livestock/crops, 1 million people (40% children) at serious hunger risk

Question 34

Reasons for Wealth: Colombo

Answer 34

Densely populated: 3330 people/km^2; 30% of population live in Colombo Popular tourist destination & financial centre - contributes to half of country’s GDP, 80% of export-oriented manufacturing takes place here Large harbour along East-West sea trade routes Government investment to turn it into metropolis of international standards

Question 35

Local Inequality - Overview

Answer 35

Colombo Gini coefficient: 0.46 Richest: Cinnamom Gardens, 3km south east of centre, home to Prime Minister’s Office, Independence Hall etc Poorest: 50% of all Colombo residents living in underserved settlements (USS), estimated 65,000; e.g. Gothamipura

Question 36

Local Inequality: Issues in USS

Answer 36

Only 10-25% receive poor relief support No legal home address so children cannot be registered in schools, no rights to land 30% of families struggle accessing drinking water 51% have access to sewerage network, some sewage directly discharged into canals 30% of structures are temporary shelters

Question 37

Reducing National Inequality in Sri Lanka - Government Actions

Answer 37

``` Welfare schemes: free education & health services Samurdhi Programme (started 1995) - 1.4 million families on roster - distributing food stamps, savings & credit programme with loans for business development via Samurdhi Bank, training programmes ``` Batticaloa: dry rations/temporary shelter/basic supplies from UN, rebuilding roads, large scale irrigation & drinking water supply projects, over 95% provided with electricity (others soon)

Question 38

Reducing Regional Inequality: Sahaspura Redevelopment

Answer 38

Remove USS & build 14 storey development of 671 apartments, to be mixed low & middle income and ethnically balanced (60% Sinhalese 40% Tamil) Young people more likely to be employed as no longer considered “slum dwellers” & children enrolled in school Ground floor units rented to businesses UDA used force to evict people during slum clearance & residents needs not considered Still over 77,000 USS families Maintenance fund raised by inhabitants paying 25,000 Rupees when getting keys, too expensive & lifts/damp not fixed

Question 39

Reducing Regional Inequality: Gothamipura

Answer 39

Funded by IDRC in Canada NGO Sevantha carried out household survey to identify problems: CMC does not regularly collect waste, 75% dissatisfied with rubbish disposal, 94% have access to private toilets but none connected to main sewage network Colombo Municipal Council implemented improvements - waste management collection & sorting centre being built, possibility of all being connected to sewage network About 50% felt their well-being would continue to improve

Question 40

Define player

Answer 40

A person, group of people, organisation or government who have an interest/influence in a particular change in an area, development or business

Question 41

Difference between public and private players

Answer 41

Public: seeking economic development to improve social welfare; people at the heart Private: aim to generate money to make a profit

Question 42

Environmental characteristics before structural economic change - Sri Lanka

Answer 42

Air pollution: number of motor vehicles tripled during 1990s, increased traffic jams & use of old vehicles/poor quality gas Water pollution: pollutants from sewage, vegetable & hospital waste ended up in rivers eg Kelani River; lake pollution creating algal blooms, reducing oxygen content and killing fish Waste management: (2005) 24% of households had waste management, only 2% in rural areas had waste collection

Question 43

Demographic characteristics of structural economic change- Sri Lanka

Answer 43

Population increase x9 since 1871 Fifth highest rapidly growing ageing population in Asia (6% in 1981 - 10% 2001) 80,000-100,000 people killed during civil war Fluctuating rate of population increase - peaked at 3% in 1953, lowest at 1% in 2001

Question 44

Cultural characteristics of structural economic change- Sri Lanka

Answer 44

Civil war due to tensions between Sinhalese government domination of island & Tamils wanting own independent state (Tamil Eelam) in North&East 73% Sinhalese 13% Tamil Tamil Tigers defeated by government in 2009

Question 45

Socio-economic characteristics of structural economic change - Sri Lanka

Answer 45

Little industry development under British rule - large agricultural sector (tea, rubber & coconut) Most industry involved processing exports from plantations Proceeds from agricultural exports used to buy manufactured goods from other countries

Question 46

Who were the Asian Tigers and what was their comparative advantage?

Answer 46

South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong & Singapore Rapid industrialisation & economic growth 1960s -1990s as they specialised in activities they were skilled/efficient in; they were peaceful, educated and English speaking GDP per capita PPP: $11000 Sri Lanka vs $35000-$83000 ATs HDI: 0.77 Sri Lanka vs 0.88-0.91 ATs

Question 47

Define Foreign Direct Investment

Answer 47

Investment by TNCs (trans national corporations) in a host country

Question 48

What structural economic change happened in Sri Lanka? (1980-2014) Why?

Answer 48

Primary: halved, 46% to 29% Secondary: doubled, 14% to 26% Tertiary: increased, 40% to 45% Global shift of manufacturing to EDCs/LIDCs from ACs (NIDL)

Question 49

What is GDP per capita?

Answer 49

The total value of all goods&services produced in a country over a year, per capita = per person

Question 50

Change in Sri Lanka’s GDP per capita since 1980

Answer 50

1980: $272.90 2000: $869 2009: $2000+ 2016/2017: $4000+

Question 51

Which players brought about economic change in Sri Lanka?

Answer 51

Sri Lankan Government: Sahaspura redevelopment, Mahinda Chintana (gov. manifesto) Asian Development Bank: National Highways Sector Project Nestle (TNCs)

Question 52

Role of Sri Lankan Government in S.E.C. (Pros)

Answer 52

Ended civil war -> FDI more likely Infrastructure improvements: Hambantota Port, modernising airports, reconstruction in NE Vision 2025: growth of knowledge economy, attract tech-driven FDI Mahinda Chintana (2005) manifesto - set out development plans (Aimed to create 3 million jobs & maintain economic growth of minimum 8%, eradication of poverty & universal secondary education) whilst fighting terrorism

Question 53

Limitations on Sri Lankan Government’s impact on S.E.C.

Answer 53

Cannot afford the cost of reconstruction on their own: government relies on foreign loans, such as from ADB, adding to the country’s debt

Question 54

Role of Nestle in S.E.C. (Pros)

Answer 54

Kurunegala factory established 1984, now producing over 90% of Nestle products in Sri Lanka Directly employs 1200 people & positively impacts over 23,000 distributors, farmers, suppliers and their families Paid Rs 6 billion (£28million) to local farmers in 2016 Coconut Plan: donated 10,000 coconut plantlets to 2000 farming families Dairy Development Programme: 150 training programmes for 3000 dairy farmers, provided 150 farmers with milking equipment

Question 55

Limitations to Nestle’s impact on S.E.C.

Answer 55

Investment focussed around Kurunegala TNC: wants to maximise own profits, most of which goes back to headquarters in Switzerland; can pull out at any time (e.g. if labour costs rise) Number of jobs created far smaller than that planned by government

Question 56

Role of ADB in S.E.C in Sri Lanka (Pros)

Answer 56

Partnership with S.L. began 1986 Provides foreign loans, focussing on rural development: funded training of 30000+ teachers, up to 2m households given better access to safe drinking water, electrification of 200,000 houses National Highways Project: built/improved 630km+ roads/highways - farmers can transport&sell produce (Nelson Wickramasekara’s sales increased 30%) Total $9.7 billion in loans, grants&technical assistance since 1986

Question 57

Limitations to ADB’s impact on S.E.C

Answer 57

Focus on rural development rather than whole country | Sri Lankan Gov have to repay loans with interest

Question 58

Positive impacts of Structural Economic Change in Sri Lanka

Answer 58

Life expectancy: 68 (1980) - 75 (2017) Over 90% houses electrified & 87.3% have access to safe drinking water Increased employment&equality for women Increased tax payments so gov. can invest in healthcare & social welfare initiatives Improved housing quality - Sahaspura Improved infrastructure linking rural&urban areas - lower travel times helping trade

Question 59

Negative impacts of Structural Economic Change in Sri Lanka

Answer 59

Weakened culture & less people living in rural areas Net migration: 1.64 per 1000 (1990s) to -4.71 per 1000 (today) Younger people following style of foreign tourists & social status dimensions (eg caste) replaced by money (irrespective of traditional status) Increased crime, prostitution & gambling Increased population - more pollution, waste & strain on resources Increased air pollution/waste from industrialisation

Question 60

Challenges still faced in Sri Lanka (after SEC)

Answer 60

Government not collecting enough revenue to pay for necessary investment (less spent on population) Lower FDI than other EDCs - need to attract FDI and become global economy Need to balance sustainability More & better job opportunities needed Easter Sunday 2019: suicide bombers killed 253&injured 500 at churches/top-end hotels; decrease in tourism Debt: 78% of GDP (which is $87bn), estimated loan repayment 2019-2022 $21bn

Question 61

Define placemaking

Answer 61

A multifaceted approach to planning, designing and management of public spaces It has people at the heart so placemaking purely for economic gain is impossible

Question 62

Players involved in placemaking

Answer 62

National & local governments, TNCs, planners, architects, local community groups

Question 63

Role of governments in placemaking

Answer 63

Promoting places of all scales to attract FDI/inward investment

Question 64

Role of planners and architects in placemaking

Answer 64

Planners: aim to create attractive business environments for investors Architects: responsible for designing individual buildings/public spaces to enhance built environment to attract investment

Question 65

Define 24 hour city

Answer 65

Cities that ‘never sleep’, constant but differing activities throughout the day - More economic opportunities for businesses and residents - No perceptions of “unsafeness” at night - positive place image

Question 66

Role of community groups in placemaking

Answer 66

Give point of view of locals; help people feel safer&settled, less likely to leave and more positive perception; hold community events; fundraising

Question 67

Factors making a good place

Answer 67

- Sociability: diverse, welcoming, interactive - Uses&activities: active, sustainable - Comfort&image: clean, safe, attractive - Access&linkages: proximity, connected, walkable

Question 68

Define rebranding

Answer 68

Construct a different place meaning to attract inward investment & a more prosperous future - involved reimaging and regeneration

Question 69

Define regeneration

Answer 69

Investment of capital and ideas into an area to reverse urban decline and create sustainable communities

Question 70

Define reimaging

Answer 70

Planned/managed change to alter view of an area held by outsides - involves improving crime, environmental quality and image

Question 71

What are the rebranding strategies?

Answer 71

Market led; top down; flagship development; legacy; events or themes; food; heritage; architecture

Question 72

Describe market-led rebranding

Answer 72

Private investors aiming to make a profit Often involved gentrification: former low-income inner city housing districts in ACs invaded by higher income groups and refurbished e.g. Notting Hill London

Question 73

Describe top down rebranding

Answer 73

Large scale authorities (local authorities, private investors, development agencies) making decisions to improve areas centrally e.g. Salford Quays

Question 74

Describe flagship development rebranding

Answer 74

Prestigious developments aimed at attracting investors, showcasing economic development and prosperity of an area e.g. Sports City Manchester

Question 75

Describe legacy rebranding

Answer 75

Investment and regeneration brought to a place after international sporting events e.g. Olympics in London 2012

Question 76

Describe events/themes rebranding

Answer 76

Using major festivals as catalyst for cultural development and transformation of city e.g. Hull (European Capital of Culture)

Question 77

Describe food rebranding

Answer 77

e.g. Padstow, Cornwall: food connoisseurs destination “a new destination on the foodie trail”; Rick Stein’s restaurant/cafe chain

Question 78

Describe heritage rebranding

Answer 78

Utilising history of area | e.g. Aspley - canal redevelopment and industrial heritage

Question 79

Describe architecture rebranding

Answer 79

Negative attitude towards 1960s high rise blocks vs positive attitude towards low density housing area with green space

Question 80

% of Sri Lanka’s population living in Colombo

Answer 80

30%

Question 81

% of Sri Lanka’s GDP Colombo is responsible for

Answer 81

40%

Question 82

% of Colombo’s population living in USS

Answer 82

50%

Question 83

Where are USS found in Colombo?

Answer 83

City centre on the floodplain (which had been left undeveloped due to flooding and marsh) as it was the only available land

Question 84

Why did Colombo need rebranding?

Answer 84

Traffic congestion/air pollution way above WHO standards Poor quality housing& infrastructure, increased deprivation, disease and crime City centre on Kelani River’s floodplain so regular serious floods Poor image after 35 years of civil war Shortage of land/lack of modern facilities Rundown historic buildings Poor waste management

Question 85

Key player improving Colombo’s physical environment (rebranding)

Answer 85

Metro Colombo Urban Development Project (MCUDP) - 4 local authorities joined together - Dredging canals, repairing banks to improve drainage capacity, repair of drains/culverts, installing wider bore drainage pipes - Dredged marshlands along Diyawanna River to create lakes to soak up/store large amounts during flooding - More green spaces: improved QoL & more attractive

Question 86

Key player improving Colombo’s Urban environment (rebranding)

Answer 86

National Gov & Colombo Municipal Council - Sahaspura: identified 70000&relocation of 68000 USS households 2011-2015 - Upgrading historic buildings e.g Independence Square, Old Racecourse Ground, Town Hall: semi-derelict buildings now show rich colonial heritage so attract inward investment/tourism

Question 87

Key player in improving Colombo’s business environment

Answer 87

Chinese Business investors (Chinese Communications Construction Company) - Port City: flagship project reclaimed 250 hectares land from ocean to build “mini 24-hour city” with shopping malls, a marina, entertainment complexes (attracts tourism) - Cost $15 bn: debt for Sri Lankan Gov - May increase social inequality as aimed at attracting high end business & jobs for well educated

Question 88

People for rebranding of Colombo

Answer 88

Urban wealthy: more attractive area with more job opportunities Tourists: nice new place to visit Sri Lankan Gov: area attracting more inward investment & FDI, growing economy Local authorities: better place image so more attractive to investment

Question 89

People against rebranding of Colombo

Answer 89

Urban poor: unaffordable property prices so families forced out of city, broken communities and little opportunities Environmentalists: increased flooding & sand dredging, increased pollution from population increase