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geography > 🌍 elss sg4 > Flashcards

🌍 elss sg4 Flashcards

1
Q

location of arctic tundra

A

northern hemisphere
north of arctic circle at 66.5N

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1
Q

size of arctic tundra

A

8 million km squared

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2
Q

average annual temp of AT

A

-12.2 c

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3
Q

annual temp change

A

33c

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4
Q

average annual precipitation

A

137mm

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5
Q

type of seasons

A

summer: 2-3 months, 2-3c, always light
winter: 8-9 months, -30c, dark for 3 months straight

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6
Q

vegetation characteristics

A

no trees due to short growing season & low temps
some small shrubs in summer but very low NPP

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7
Q

soil characteristics

A

active layer: ground that is frozen in winter but melts in summer
permafrost: permanently frozen ground for at least 2 years
talik: unfrozen ground

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8
Q

precipitation in AT

A

very little and normally snow

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9
Q

evapotranspiration in AT

A

low temps so little ET as not enough heat to melt ice/snow

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10
Q

run off in AT

A

in summer more run off because ice melts, in winter stays frozen

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11
Q

infiltration in AT

A

permafrost is impermeable so water can’t infiltrate

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12
Q

store of water in atmosphere in AT

A

low temps so little ET

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13
Q

store of water in soil and ground water in AT

A

permafrost is impermeable so no water can infiltrate into ground (very small store)

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14
Q

store of water in vegetation in AT

A

not correct climate for vegetation to grow so very little water stored in it

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15
Q

store of water on surface in AT

A

in summer, impermeable permafrost so puddles etc
in winter none because active layer freezes

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16
Q

how does temperature in AT affect flows and stored in water cycle

A

very cold = low ET = so little stored in atmosphere
permafrost = impermeable surface = little stored in soil

17
Q

how does rock permeability and porosity in AT affect flows and stored in water cycle

A

active layer becomes waterlogged as ground is impermeable so active layer becomes water logged and surface storage and overland flow increases

18
Q

how does relief in AT affect flows and stored in water cycle

A

flat land due to weathering and erosion so lots of surface storage as doesn’t run off

19
Q

photosynthesis in arctic tundra

A

short growing season as bad climate for vegetation to grow so little photosynthesis

20
Q

respiration in arctic tundra

A

little respiration bc little vegetation and wildlife as too cold

21
Q

decomposition and soil respiration in arctic tundra

A

too cold for decomposition so very little
ground is frozen so soil organisms can’t respire

22
Q

carbon in the atmosphere in arctic tundra

A

small amount bc little respiration and decomposition

23
Q

carbon in biomass in arctic tundra

A

small amount due to low temps, little water availability, few nutrients so vegetation doesn’t grow

24
Q

carbon in permafrost in arctic tundra

A

large store bc when any vegetation does decompose, it stays frozen in soil for a long time

25
Q

variations of daylight and temperature in the arctic tundra

A

winter: 0-12 hours of sun so no photosynthesis or respiration (carbon source)
summer: 12-24 hours of sun so permafrost melts and some carbon is released (carbon sink)

26
Q

vegetation and soil organic matter in the arctic tundra

A

sparse vegetation due to short growing season so very little photosynthesis
not much soil respiration due to frozen ground

27
Q

how does the oil and gas industry impact the water cycle in arctic tunda

A

causes ice to melt
- construction diffuses heat to ground which thaws permafrost
- removal of trees = less shade = more melting
- more concrete & dust lowers albedo

28
Q

what is the impact of ice melting in the arctic tundra in water cycle

A

increase in surface storage = more surface run off = increase in river discharge = flood risk increase
increase in surface storage = more evaporation = more precipitation = flood risk increased

29
Q

is the impact local, national or global on water cycle

A

local as only increases local flood risk

30
Q

what is the trans alaskan pipeline (TAP)

A

800 mile pipeline through alaska to transport oil

31
Q

what % of alaskan jobs does oil industry account for

A

25%

32
Q

impact of oil and gas industry in alaska on carbon cycle

A

(positive feedback loop)
permafrost melts releasing carbon dioxide → more atmospheric co2
less photosynthesis as vegetation removed for construction → more atmospheric co2
more decomposition due to melting permafrost so vegetation can decompose → more atmospheric co2

33
Q

is the impact on the carbon cycle local, national or global

A

global bc permafrost stores a lot of carbon so if it melts it would enhance global warming

34
Q

what is a themokarst landscape

A

irregular surfaces of marshy hollows with methane in them

35
Q

how do thermokarst landscapes spread

A

positive feedback loop
permafrost thaws creating waterlogged depressions (big puddles) → water retains heat for longer than surrounding ground → more melting → depth of active layer increases → more permafrost thawing

36
Q

impact of darker surfaces and lower albedo

A

positive feedback loop
more road and airstrips built → bright surfaces are now darker → lower albedo → more of suns energy absorbed by ground → more ice melting creating darker areas of muddy peat bogs → bright surfaces now dark

37
Q

impact on carbon cycle at global scale

A

positive feedback loop
more co2 in atmosphere → temp increases due to greenhouse effect → permafrost thaws → organic matter can now decompose → more co2 and methane in atmosphere

38
Q

how does building infrastructure on gravel pads moderate carbon and water cycle

A
  • insulates permafrost so less heat transfer to ground
  • less melting of permafrost
  • eg airstrip at Deadhorse
39
Q

how does building infrastructure on stilts moderate carbon and water cycle

A
  • cold air can still circulate between permafrost and building
  • less melting of permafrost
  • eg BP operation centre
40
Q

how does building TAP on refrigerated stilts moderate carbon and water cycle

A
  • insulated pipe to prevent heat loss from oil
  • cold air can still circulate so permafrost doesn’t melt
  • built on a track so can move which prevents leaks
41
Q

how could the melting of the permafrost cause a tipping point

A

higher temps = sea ice melts → darker ocean is exposed → lower albedo → more solar radiation absorbed → ice melts

geography (18 decks)

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