EMB-Genitals

Question 1

what are the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts derivatives of?

Answer 1

intermediate mesoderm

Question 2

what arises from the endoderm in the genitals?

Answer 2

anything that comes from the urogenital sinus

Question 3

what is the function of SRY?

Answer 3

acts on stromal support cells –> testes formation –> sertoli cells –> leydig cells –> testosterone (internal male development) –> DHT (external male genetalia)

Question 4

what is responsible for sex determination?

Answer 4

+SRY male

-SRY female

Question 5

describe the development of the mesonephric duct in males

Answer 5

SRY –> testes –> leydig cells–>testosterone –> supports growth of mesonephric duct

Question 6

describe the development of the paramesonephric duct in males

Answer 6

SRY –> testes –> sertoli cells –> AMH (aka MIS) –> paramesonephric duct regresses

Question 7

describe the development of the mesonephric duct in females

Answer 7

no SRY –> no testes –> no leydig cells –> no testosterone –> mesonephric duct regresses

Question 8

describe the development of the paramesonephric duct in females

Answer 8

no sry –> no testes –> no sertoli cells –> no AMH –> paramesonephric duct persists

Question 9

what arises from somatic support cells, primordial germ cells, and mesenchyme of females? (in that order)

Answer 9

follicle cells
oocytes
paramesonephric duct

Question 10

what are the derivatives of the paramesonephric duct?

Answer 10

Fallopian tubes
Uterus (and cervix)
Vagina (upper 1/3)

Question 11

what is the contribution of the urogenital sinus in females? what germ layer is this?

Answer 11

bulbourethral glands
greater vestibular glands
lower 2/3 of vagina
membranous urethra

endoderm!

Question 12

how does the external genitalia come about

Answer 12

proliferation of mesoderm and ectoderm around the clocal membrane produces primordial tissues of the genitalia

Question 13

what week does external genetal formation start?

Answer 13

week 7

Question 14

when can you tell male from female external genetalia

Answer 14

week 12

Question 15

what is DHT responsible for in males

Answer 15

lengthening of genital tubercle and fusion of labioscrotal swellings –> penis growth

Question 16

what is estradiol responsible for in females?

Answer 16

external female development

Question 17

what arises from somatic support cells, primordial germ cells, and mesenchyme of males? (in that order)

Answer 17

sertoli cells
spermatagoina
mesonephric duct

Question 18

what structures are derived from the mesonephric duct?

Answer 18

SEED
seminal vesicle
ejaculatory duct
epididymus
ductus deferens

Question 19

what are the contributions of the urogenital sinus in the male? what germ layer is this?

Answer 19

prostate
prostatic urethra
bulbourethral gland

endoderm

Question 20

what does the genital tubercle form in the male?

Answer 20

glans penis
body of penis
corpus cavernosum
corpus spongiosum

Question 21

what does the genital tubercle form in the female?

Answer 21

glans clitorus

Question 22

what do the genital folds form in the male?

Answer 22

ventral penis

penile raphe

Question 23

what do the genital folds form in the female?

Answer 23

labia minora

Question 24

what are the labioscrotal swellings in male?

Answer 24

scrotum

scrotal raphe

Question 25

what are the labioscrotal swellings in female?

Answer 25

labia majora and mons pubis

Question 26

what forms the ovarian and uterine ligaments

Answer 26

superior and inferior gubernaculum

Question 27

what is the male homolog to the glans clitoris?

Answer 27

glans penis

Question 28

what is the male homolog to the vestibular bulbs?

Answer 28

corpus spongiosum and cavernosum

Question 29

what is the male homolog to the greater vestibular glands?

Answer 29

bulbourethral gland

Question 30

what is the male homolog to the urethral and paraurethral glands?

Answer 30

prostate

Question 31

what is the male homolog to the labia minora?

Answer 31

ventral shaft

Question 32

what is the male homolog to the labia majora?

Answer 32

scrotum

Question 33

newborn has normal male external and internal genitalia, however it is also found he has a small uterus and some fallopian tubes. how can this be?

Answer 33

he has persistant mullerian duct syndrome caused by a mutation in AMH or its receptor males normal stuff happens but the paramesonephric duct persists

Question 34

patient comes in and looks like a lady with secondary female sex characteristics and female external genitalia but has male genetics. The vagina is short and has a blind end. it is also found they have small testis in the labial region. why is this?

Answer 34

they have androgen insensitivity lack of testosterone/DTH sensitivty inhibits male external genitalia and makes internal genitalia rudimentary. they still produce AMH from the sertoli cells so the paramesonephric duct is inhibited

Question 35

baby is born with ambiguous genitalia and normal male internal genitalia. how can this occur?

Answer 35

5a reductase deficiency. | no conversion of testosterone to DHT --> external doesnt develop but internal still does cause testosterone

Question 36

a female genotype comes out with ambiguous genitalia, she also has enlarged adrenal glands, why

Answer 36

21a hydroxylase deficiency, no cortisol --> more ACTH --> adrenal hyperplasia also too many androgens causing weak virilization

Question 37

what causes a septate uterus?

Answer 37

incomplete resorption of uterine septum

Question 38

what causes a bicornate uterus

Answer 38

incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts

Question 39

what causes uterus didelphys?

Answer 39

complete lack of fusion of paramesonephric ducts

Question 40

what causes hypospadias and what is it? associated with?

Answer 40

urethra opens in ball side of penis incomplete closure of urogenital folds cryptorchidism

Question 41

what is epispadias? what causes? associated with?

Answer 41

urethra opens on outward side of penis improper positioning of the genital tubercle extrophy of bladder