Embryo of the GI Tract Flashcards

(42 cards)

1
Q

Time frame for development of the GI tract

A

4th to 10th weeks

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2
Q

Txn factor for the esophagus

For the duodenum and pancreas

For the SI

For the LI

A

SOX2

PDX1

CDXC

CDXA

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3
Q

The development of the GI tract requires the communication between what two embryonic layers?

A

Endoderm (epithelium) and splanchnic mesoderm (mesenchyme)

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4
Q

How might epithelium cause an atresia in the gut tube?

A

Temporarily occludes it, but then never re-canalizes

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5
Q

Where is the oblique muscle layer when it is included in the GI wall?

A

Innermost, just after the submucosa

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6
Q

The mesentery is made from what layer?

A

Parietal peritoneum (splanchnic mesoderm)

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7
Q

Where is the only place where ventral mesentery can be seen in an adult?

A

Falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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8
Q

Innervation of the foregut

Spinal roots

A

Greater splanchnic n. and celiac plexus

T5-9

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9
Q

Innervation of the midgut

Spinal nerve roots

A

Lesser splanchnic n. and superior mesenteric plexus

T9-12

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10
Q

Innervation of the hindgut

Spinal nerve roots

A

Least splanchnic n. and inferior mesenteric plexus

T12-L2

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11
Q

In the pathway of sympathetic innervation, the “prevertebral ganglia” that the splanchnic nn. go to after leaving the abdominal sympathetic trunk are where?

A

Celiac, SM, and IM plexuses

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12
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of foregut

Midgut?

A

Vagus n.

SAME

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13
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of hindgut (w/ levels)

A

Pelvic splanchnic nn. (S2-4)

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14
Q

If urine is leaking from an umbilicus, what is the problem?

A

Patent allantois (to become the urachus)

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15
Q

If feces is leaking from an umbilicus, what is the problem?

A

Patent vitelline duct (to be Meckel’s diverticulum)

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16
Q

3 Tx’s for a double tracheoesophageal fistula

What is crucial to these?

A

Colon interposition
Gastric tube esophagoplasty
Gastric transposition

MUST KEEP BLOOD SUPPLY IN TACT

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17
Q

Esophageal diverticulum

A

Blind benign pouch off the side of the esophagus that could collect food/liquid

18
Q

Why does the stomach turn?

A

Posterior grows faster than anterior, so needs more space to keep growing

19
Q

If, 2-3 weeks after birth, a baby is vomiting NON-GREEN stuff after feeding, what is most likely the problem?

What can sometimes be seen externally?

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Bloated stomach and/or duodenum poking through ant. abd. wall

20
Q

Double bubble sign

A

2 bloated areas on x-ray (stomach and duodenum) due to a duodenal atresia (occlusion)

21
Q

What organs develop in the ventral mesentery?

A

Liver and gall bladder

Stomach and part of duodenum

22
Q

Why are there often 2 duodenal papillas?

A

B/c ventral and dorsal “buds” of pancreas were both connected until they fused

23
Q

What 2 areas signal the liver to develop in the right place?

Where does it end up coming from?

A

Heart and septum transversum

Posterior endoderm

24
Q

Why does the lesser sac become so small?

A

The liver grows into the right “sac” and fills it in

25
If someone presents w/ jaundice, dark urine, and pale stool, what is a likely Dx?
Extrahepatic biliary atresia (incomplete formation of bile duct)
26
Normal level of referred pain for the GB
L1
27
Txn factor for inducing islets of langerhaans, D-cells, and pancreatic acinar cells to form
Pax 4
28
Txn factor for making glucagon-producing cells
Pax 6
29
Cause of annular pancreas
Does not rotate w/ stomach
30
Most common places for accessory pancreatic tissue
Near stomach or ileum
31
Most common cause of gut atresias or stenoses in the duodenum In the SI and LI?
Failure to re-canalize Vascular compromise
32
Apple peel atresia
Vascular issue leads to short jejunum and small coiled ileum and LI around the SMA or its branches
33
At about what time is the midgut expected to "herniate" into the umbilical cord? Why? About when does it come back into the body?
6 weeks Growing faster than the body has space for 10 weeks
34
Common problem w/ twisting of midgut after it comes out of the umbilical cord
Volvulus
35
When one part of the GI tract is shoved within that of another, what is that called? Often affects what?
Intussuseption Blood supply
36
Omphalocele
Unresolved umbilical herniation
37
Gastroschisis Maybe linked to what behavior by mom?
Body wall doesn't fuse, abdomen is protruding through a "hole" in the body wall w/o being in the cord Cocaine use
38
Prune Belly / Eagle-Barrett syndrome Involved w/ what layer? Often what other abnormality?
Lack of abdominal wall muscles, abdomen is very large and unrestrained in size Mesoderm Cryptorchidism
39
Ileal fistula
Fecal matter discharges through patent vitelline duct
40
Hirschprung's Disease
Megacolon Lack of migration of neural crest cells to the hindgut, so no enteric NS for peristalsis
41
Name when anus does not reach the external environment
Imperforate anus
42
High anorectal malformation Low
No musculature for defecation (anorectal agenesis) Blind sac below pelvic diaphragm (anal agenesis)