Embryogenesis

Question 1

Transformation of a single-celled zygote into a considerably
more complex individual contained in the mature seed

Answer 1

Embryogenesis

Question 2

The growth and maturation of the diploid sporophyte generation in plants

Answer 2

Sporophytic Development

Question 3

The diploid, spore-producing phase in the life cycle of a plant, algae, or fungi

Answer 3

Sporophyte

Question 4

Stages of Sporophytic Development

Answer 4

• Embryogenesis
• Vegetative Development
• Reproductive Development

Question 5

Origins of Polarity (Asymmetrical organization of an organism)

Answer 5

• Embryogenesis
• Morphogenesis
• Organogenesis
• Histogenesis

Question 6

The shape formation (Stimuli dependent)

Answer 6

Morphogenesis

Question 7

Formation of functionally organized organs

Answer 7

Organogenesis

Question 8

Differentiation of cells to produce distinct tissues

Answer 8

Histogenesis

Question 9

Well-studied model of plant developmental biology due to its small genome, life cycle, and genetic traceability

Answer 9

Arabidopsis Embryogenesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)

Question 10

Two major body axis established early and are fundamental to organization of the plant body

Answer 10

Apical-Basal Axis and Radial Axis

Question 11

Developmental zones/regions along the apical-basal axis and their derived structures

Answer 11

Apical: Cotyledons, Shoot Apical Meristem
Central: Hypocotyl (Embryonic stem)
Basal: Root Apical Meristem, Suspensor

Question 12

Key regulators of the apical-basal axis

Answer 12

• Auxin Gradient
• MONOPTEROS (MP)
• BODENLOS (BDL)
• GNOM
• WOX2
• WOX 8/9

Question 13

Developmental zones/regions along the radial axis and their derived structures

Answer 13

Procambium: Vascular Tissues (Xylem and Phloem)
Ground Tissue: Cortex and Endodermis
Protoderm: Epidermis

Question 14

Key regulators of the radial axis

Answer 14

• Scarecrow (SCR) and Short-root (SHR)
• WOX5
• Auxin
• Cell-to-cell communication

Question 15

Encodes acetyl-CoA carboxylase and synthesizes VLC fatty acids. Required for development of the apical region of the embryo (Cotyledons and SAM)

Answer 15

Gurke

Question 16

Mutant with no cotyledons or shoot structures making it resemble a cucumber

Answer 16

Gurke mutant (gk mutant)

Question 17

Encodes sterol C14 reductase. The enzyme is used for biosynthesis of brassinosteroids which are essential for organized cell division

Answer 17

Fackel

Question 18

Mutant with reduced or absent cotyledon and disorganized vascular tissues and poor root and shoot development

Answer 18

Fackel mutant (fk mutant)

Question 19

Encodes Auxin Response Factor (ARF), a class of transcription factors that regulates auxin distribution and auxin-responsive genes essential for the correct formation of the RAM and SAM

Answer 19

Monopteros

Question 20

Mutant only has a single cotyledon, and no root or shoot development

Answer 20

Monopteros mutant (mp mutant)

Question 21

Encodes a Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (ARF-GEF) which is involved in the polarization factor of auxin transport forming the auxin gradient

Answer 21

Gnom

Question 22

Mutant with no defined root and SAM with disrupted polarization and auxin gradient. Embryo shows a swollen, globular shape with no obvious axis formation.

Answer 22

Gnom mutant

Question 23

Encodes a WOX transcription factor which is important for vascular development via influence of cell fate determination

Answer 23

Wooden Leg

Question 24

Mutant with the absence of functional vascular tissue

Answer 24

Wooden Leg mutant (WOL mutant)

Question 25

Encodes a transcription factor essential for the radial patterning of the root, more focused on the endodermis and cortex. Directly activated by SHR

Answer 25

Scarecrow

Question 26

Mutant has no defined cortex and endodermis with disrupted radial symmetry

Answer 26

Scarecrow mutant (SCR mutant)

Question 27

Encodes a transcription factor essential for the radial patterning of the root, more focused on the stele

Answer 27

Short root

Question 28

Mutant has abnormal development of the RAM

Answer 28

Short root mutant (SHR)

Question 29

Meristematic Tissues

Answer 29

- Root Apical Meristem - Shoot Apical Meristem - Intercalary Meristems - Marginal Meristems (Edges of developing organs, leaves, and petals) - Meristemoids (Gives rise to trichomes and stomata)

Question 30

Regions of Root Apical Meristem

Answer 30

- Root Cap - Quiscent Center - Meristematic Zone - Elongation Zone - Maturation Zone

Question 31

Found at the the tip of plant roots, it is a group of slowly dividing cells found in the root apical meristem (RAM). It plays a crucial role in maintaining the surrounding stem cells in an undifferentiated state

Answer 31

Quiescent Center

Question 32

Cells that contain statoliths that help detect gravity, influencing the auxin to move downwards. Found at the tip of the root cap

Answer 32

Columella

Question 33

Cell division that occurs perpendicular to the surface or axis of the plant. Vertical/Lengthwise

Answer 33

Anticlinal

Question 34

Cell division that occurs parallel to the surface or axis of the plant. Horizontal

Answer 34

Periclinal

Question 35

Divide anticlinally to create daughter cells that divide periclinally to form two files of cells that mature into lateral root cap and epidermis

Answer 35

Epidermal Lateral Root Cap Initials

Question 36

Divide anticlinally to create daughter cells that divide perclinally to form two cortical and endoedermal cell layers

Answer 36

Cortical-Endodermal Initials

Question 37

Gives rise to vascular system and pericycle

Answer 37

Stele initials

Question 38

Plant hormone that promotes shoot formation. Signals begin early in root development in the hypophysis of globular embryo

Answer 38

Cytokinin

Question 39

In this division stage the cytokinin expression is lost in the basal cell but is retained in the apical cell

Answer 39

Division of Hypophysis

Question 40

Zones of the SAM

Answer 40

- Central Zone (Slowly dividing cells, QC) - Peripheral Zone (Dense cells, lateral organs) - Rib Zone (Active division, vascular tissues)

Question 41

Encodes transcription factors in the NAC domain family establishing the adaxial-abaxial axis, basically directing the flow of auxin

Answer 41

CUC

Question 42

Mutant that has a a cup shape abnormality

Answer 42

CUC mutant

Question 43

Key regulator of stem cell fate in SAM. Increase of its levels would promote expression of genes that promote apical initial identity in cells that lie within the central zone

Answer 43

Wuschel

Question 44

Signaling peptide that binds to clv1 and clv2 limiting the activity of WUS

Answer 44

CLV3

Question 45

Inhibits microtubule formation, leading to enlargement

Answer 45

Colchicine