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MCAT Biology > Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Ampulla

A

The widest part of the fallopian tube where fertilization usually occurs

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2
Q

Acrosomal Apparatus

A

a tubelike structure that allows the sperm pronucleus to enter the secondary oocyte

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3
Q

cortical reaction

A

a release of calcium ions that results from sperm penetrating the membrane, depolarizes the cell preventing fertilization by more than 1 sperm

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4
Q

Fertilization membrane

A

The depolarized and impenetrable membrane following the cortical reaction

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5
Q

Dizygotic (Fraternal) Twins

A

Fertilization of two different eggs released during one ovulation cycle, not genetically identical

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6
Q

Monozygotic (Identical) Twins

A

Occur when a single zygote spits in two creating genetically identical twins

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7
Q

Conjoined Twins

A

Result of an incompelete splitting of the zygote

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8
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid mitotic division by the zygote as it moves from the fallopian tubes to the uterus, zygote size remains the same, smaller cells are produced

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9
Q

Indeterminate Cleavage

A

Divisions during cleavage that results in cells that can still develop into full organisms independently

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10
Q

Determinate Cleavage

A

Divisions during cleavage that result in cells who’s fates on what they will differentiate into have been decided

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11
Q

Morula

A

The embryo following cleavage, a solid mass of cells

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12
Q

Blastulation

A

The formation of the hollow ball of cells divided into the trophoblast and the inner cell mass

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13
Q

Blastula or blastocyst

A

Result of blastulation, ball of cells with a hollow fluid center known as the blastocoel

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14
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells of the blastocyst that will eventually become the placenta

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15
Q

Inner cell Mass

A

Cells of the blastocyst that will eventually form the organism itself

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16
Q

Chorion

A

Extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast following implantation, eventually will become the placenta

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17
Q

Umbilical cord

A

connects the embryo to the placenta

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18
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Site of early blood cell development that also supports the embryo prior to functional placenta development

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19
Q

Allantois

A

Extraembryonic membrane responsible for fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac

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20
Q

Amnion

A

Extraembryonic membrane surrounding the allantois, it is filled with amniotic fluid and provides protection

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21
Q

Gastrulation

A

The generation of three distinct germ layers following implantation

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22
Q

gastrula

A

The resulting embryo following the processes of gastrulation

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23
Q

Archenteron

A

The membrane invagination into the blastocoel which will later develop into the gut

24
Q

Blastopore

A

the opening of the archenteron, in deutersomes it becomes the anus, in protosomes it becomes the mouth.

25
Ectoderm
The outermost germ layer that will later give rise to the skin, and nervous system
26
Mesoderm
the middle germ layer that will give rise to the muscles, skeleton and circulatory system
27
Endoderm
the innermost germ layer that will give rise to the digestive and respiratory system
28
Induction
The ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of others
29
Inducers
chemical substances that diffuse from organizing cells to responsive cells mediating induction
30
Neuraltion
Development of the nervous system
31
Notochord
rod of mesodermal cells that forms the primitive spinal cord, induces ectodermal cells to form the neural tube
32
Neural tube
The result of neural plate folding, will eventually form the central nervous system
33
Neural Crest Cells
Migrate out from the neural folds to form the peripheral nervous system
34
teratogens
Substances that interfere with development causing defects and death
35
morphogens
Secreted molecules that cause nearby cells to follow a specific developmental path
36
Stem Cells
Cells that have not yet differentiated and can give rise to other cells which will differentiate
37
Growth Factors
peptides that commonly function as inducers by promoting differentation and mitosis
38
Reciprocal Development
Two way induction between two groups of cells
39
apoptotic blebs
The result of apoptosis, self contained peices that can be digested by other cells
40
Necrosis
Cell death as a result of injury, causing irritation and immune response
41
Regenerative Capacity
The ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body
42
complete regeneration
lost are damaged tissue is completely replaced with identical tissue
43
incomplete regeneration
newly formed tissue is not identical in structure or function to that lost
44
Senescence
Biological aging occuring as a result of changes at the cellular and organismal level
45
Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF)
hemoglobin that exhibits a greater affinity for oxygen than that of the mother
46
Umbilical Arteries
Carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus toward the placenta
47
Umbilical Veins
Carries oxygenated blood towards the fetus from the placenta
48
Shunts
in the fetus these strucutures direct blood away from lungs and liver since they are underdeveloped
49
Foramen ovale
Shunt in the fetus that directs blood from the right atrium to the left atrium into systemic circulation bypassing the lungs
50
Ductus arteriosus
Shunts leftover blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta into systemic circulation
51
Ductus Venosus
Shunts blood returning from the placenta directly to the inferior vena cava bypassing the liver
52
Fetus
the result of the first trimester containing most organs, and a partial brain
53
first trimester
Skeleton begins to harden, most major organs form, and the brain is mostly developed
54
Second trimester
tremendous growth occurs, toes and fingers elongate
55
Third trimester
Rapid growth and further brain development, antibody transport to prepare immune system
56
Birth
1. Cervix thins and amniotic sac ruptures 2. Strong uterine contractions birth fetus 3. Umbilical cord and placenta are expelled
57
Prostaglandins/Oxytocin
coordinate smooth muscle contraction during childbirth

MCAT Biology (5 decks)

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