Embryological development of CVS

Question 1

When does the CVS start to develop in the embryo?

Answer 1

Approx 4 weeks into development- when the placenta can no longer meet the needs of the embryo

Question 2

What first forms in the CVS development?

Answer 2

Primitive heart tube

Question 3

What is gastrulation?

Answer 3

An early stage in embryonic development where the single layered cells of the blastula reorganise into multiple layers to form a gastrula. The layers are the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.

Question 4

What part of the body develop from the ectoderm?

Answer 4

Skin, nervous system, neural crest- contributes to cardiac outflow and coronary arteries

Question 5

What parts of the body develop from the mesoderm?

Answer 5

All muscle types, most of the cardiovascular system, kidneys, blood

Question 6

What parts of the body develop from the endoderm?

Answer 6

Gastrointestinal tract including liver and pancreas (but not smooth muscle), endocrine organs

Question 7

What area of the human heart develops from the first heart field?

Answer 7

Left ventricle

Question 8

What area of the human heart develops from the second heart field?

Answer 8

Outflow tract, right ventricle and atria

Question 9

What are the 3 stages of cardiac formation?

Answer 9

Formation of the primitive tube
Cardiac looping
Cardiac septation

Question 10

What tubes fuse to form the primitive heart tube?

Answer 10

Endocardial tubes

Question 11

What day of development does the primitive heart tube form?

Answer 11

Day 19/ third week

Question 12

What day does the heart begin to beat?

Answer 12

Day 22

Question 13

What happens in embryological development of the heart after primitive heart tube formation?

Answer 13

Cardiac looping

Question 14

What protein is released from the ‘node’ which aids in the leftwards angle of the heart?

Answer 14

Nodal

Question 15

How is nodal distributed unevenly in heart development?

Answer 15

Cilia at the node rotate to direct more nodal to the left.

Question 16

How does nodal protein have an effect on the developing tissue?

Answer 16

Turns on specific transcription factors that affect further development (cardiac looping) of the heart

Question 17

What stage of heart development occurs after cardiac looping?

Answer 17

Cardiac septation

Question 18

What two embryological structures give rise to the cardiac ventricles?

Answer 18

Bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle

Question 19

What do the endocardial cushions aid in forming?

Answer 19

The interventricular septum

Question 20

What’s the adult remnant of the foramen ovale?

Answer 20

Fossa ovalis

Question 21

What foetal shunt results leads to the ligamentum arteriosum?

Answer 21

Ductus arteriosum

Question 22

What is the remnant of the umbilical vein?

Answer 22

The ligamentum teres

Question 23

What does the ductus arteriosis connect in the foetus?

Answer 23

Connects the main pulmonary artery to the descending aorta (to bypass the lungs in the foetus)

Question 24

What does the ductus venosum connect? And what does it bypass?

Answer 24

Left umbilcal vein to the inferior vena cava. Allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver.

Question 25

Where are blood islands found in the embryo?

Answer 25

Yolk sac

Question 26

What is vasculogenesis?

Answer 26

The embryological formation of blood vessels

Question 27

What is angiogenesis?

Answer 27

The development of blood vessels from existing vessels

Question 28

What is the difference between vasculogenesis and angiogenesis?

Answer 28

Vasculogenesis is the formation of blood vessels whereas angiogenesis is where new blood vessels form from existing vessels by 'sprouting'

Question 29

What do angioblast develop into?

Answer 29

Blood vessels

Question 30

What embryonic cells do blood cells develop from?

Answer 30

Angioblasts

Question 31

Does angiogenesis or vasculosgenesis occur first in embyological development?

Answer 31

Vasculogenesis

Question 32

What does the truncus arteriosus develop into?

Answer 32

Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 33

What does the bulbus cordis develop into?

Answer 33

Right ventricle

Question 34

What does the primitive ventricle develop into?

Answer 34

Left ventricle

Question 35

What does the primitive atrium develop into?

Answer 35

Anterior portions of the left and right atria aswell as both auricles.

Question 36

Where are the two auricles of the heart found?

Answer 36

Anterior surfaces in the right and left atria

Question 37

What does the sinus venosus develop into?

Answer 37

Posterior portion of right atrium SA node Coronary sinus

Question 38

What germ cell layer develops to form the heart (aswell as CVS and all muscle types)

Answer 38

Mesoderm

Question 39

What primitive area develops to form the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 39

Truncus arteriosus

Question 40

What primitive area develops to form the anterior portions of both atria?

Answer 40

Primitive artrium

Question 41

What primitive area develops to form the right ventricle?

Answer 41

Bulbus cordis

Question 42

What primitive area develops to form the left ventricle?

Answer 42

Primitive ventricle

Question 43

What area develops to form the coronary sulcus?

Answer 43

Sinus venosus

Question 44

What area develops to form the SA node and posterior portion of the right atrium?

Answer 44

Sinus venosus