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Embryology Flashcards

(113 cards)

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1
Q

Medulla of gametes

A

Cortex- female

Testes- male

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2
Q

Synthetic enzyme for removal of corona radiata

A

Hyolase

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3
Q

Enzymes in the acrosome that penetrate zona pellicuda by forming acrosomal reaction

A

Hyaluronidase
Acrosin
Trpsin like enzyme

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4
Q

Sperm abnormalities

A

Morphological: multiple heads and tail, fused sperms, gigantic or dwarfed sperms.
Genetic (rare)
Motility

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5
Q

Interphase of mitosis

A

DNA replication of chromosomes

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6
Q

Prophase of mitosis

A

Disappearance of nucleolus

Appearance of chromatids (indistinguishable)

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7
Q

Prometaphase of mitosis

A

Chromatically visible (distinguishable)

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8
Q

Metaphase of mitosis

A

Nuclear membrane breaks
Arrangement of chromosomes at equator
Appearance of spindle fibers from centrioles

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9
Q

Anaphase of mitosis

A

Splitting of centromere

Pulling of daughter chromosomes to opposite poles

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10
Q

Telophase of mitosis

A

Appearance of nucleolus
Formation of nuclear membranes
Cytokines and formation of 2 diploid cells

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11
Q

Prophase of meiosis

A 
Leptotene
Zygotene 
Pachytene 
Diplotene
Diakenesis
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12
Q

Ootid?

A

An oocyte containing two haploid nuclei

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13
Q

Capacition of sperms

A

Removal of glycoproteins and seminal plasma proteins surrounding the acrosomal region of a sperm

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14
Q

Agenesis

A

refers to the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development due to the absence of primordial tissue.

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15
Q

Tunica Abuginea

A

White capsule surrounding the testes that extends inwards and divides it into different lobes

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16
Q

What secretes Testosterone?

A

Interstitial cells of Leydig

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17
Q

Contents of prostatic fluid

A 
Prostaglandins 
Acid phosphate
Citric acid
Prostate specific antigen
Amylase
Fribrinolysin
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18
Q

What secrets HCG?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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19
Q

Role of HCG

A

Indicates pregnancy

Retains the corpus luteum in order to continue secreting progesterone

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20
Q

Siamese

A

Conjoined twins

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21
Q

Conjoined twins at the chest are called?

A

Thoracopagus

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22
Q

How many hours does fertilization take approximately?

A

24hrs

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23
Q

When does cleavage begin?

A

In the uterine tube 30 hours after fertilization

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24
Q

When the primary chorionic villi formed?

A

Day 13

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25
When is the prechordal plate formed?
Day 14
26
What induces zona/ cortical reaction?
Lysosomal enzymes released from cortical granules of the plasma membrane to penetrate the PM and prevent other sperms from passing through it or the ZP
27
What is closing plug?
A fibrous coagulum of blood at the site where the embryo sank into the endometrium
28
Placenta previa
Placenta that covers or blocks the os due to implantation at the inferior segment of the uterus near the internal os
29
Life spans of spermatozoa and oocyte respectively
72hrs | 48hrs
30
Site for capacitation of sperms and time taken to complete it
Fallopian tube | 5-7hrs
31
What aids the penetration of corona radiata
Tail movements | Mucosal enzyme hyaluronidase
32
Acrosome reaction
Release of acrosomal enzymes (HAT) for penetration of ZP
33
Totipotent
Capable of forming a complete embryo
34
Morphogenesis
Formation of body form due to gastrulation | Stimulated by morphogenic proteins, FGFs and Wnts
35
Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Persistence of primitive streak Forms a tumor containing tissues from a three germ layers Common in females 1 in 35,000
36
Vasculogenesis vs angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels from cell precursors called angioblast Formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels
37
Amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid sampling to detect genetic disorders
38
Ultrasonography
Image modality for evaluation of the fetus to detect anomalies, measure size, etc
39
Alpha fetoprotein
A glycoprotein synthesized in the liver, umbilical cord and gut of the fetus. High level of AFP in fetal serum indicates anomalies of CNS and ventral abdominal wall. Low level in maternal serum indicates trisomy
40
Factors that affect fetal growth
``` Cigarette smoking Use of illicit drugs Multiple pregnancy Impaired uteroplacental/ fetoplacental blood flow Genetic factors ```
41
Ways of monitoring fetal status
``` Ultrasonography Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling MRI and CT Spectrophotometric studies Sex chromatin Alpha fetoprotein Percutenous Umbilical cord blood sampling Fetal transfusion Fetoscopy Fetal monitoring ```
42
Functions of placenta
Metabolism Secretion of hormones Transfer of nutrients and gases
43
Unfertilized secondary oocyte will last for?
24 - 48hrs in the ampulla
44
Amount of sperm in an ejaculate
200 - 350 million
45
Movement of ovum from ovary into uterine tube is by?
Sweeping of the fibria on the ovary | Cilia of the mucosal lining
46
Movement of ovum within uterine tube to the ampulla is by?
Peristaltic contractions of the tube
47
How does ph of vagina affect sperms?
Slows them down due to it’s acidity | Sperms are faster in the uterine cavity due it’s alkalinity
48
Sperms move though uterine cavity and tube by?
Peristalsis and cilia | Chemoattractants secreted by corona radiata
49
What binds the sperm to the cell membrane of ovum?
Integrins on ovum and disintegrins on the sperms
50
What enzyme initiates acrosomal reaction?
ZP3
51
What binds syncytiotrophoblast to the endometrium?
Selectins, integrins, fibronectins
52
What gives the sperm tail energy
ATP from metabolism of fructose in mitochondria
53
What are the chemoattractants of epiblasts from the primitive streak?
Fibroblast growth factor 8
54
Why is the cranial end of a trilaminar embryonic disc bigger?
Because cells from primo groove are traveling laterally and then cranially
55
Hypotelorism
Eyes are near due to deficiency of central features of the face Opposite is hypertelorism
56
Holoprosencephaly
A defect caused by teratogens (e.g alcohol) due to underdevelopment of the midpoint of developing a trilaminar disc. It causes hypotelorism, underdeveloped forebrain, fusion of lateral ventricles.
57
Caudal dysgenesis/ sirenomelia
``` Poor development of the caudal region caused by mothers with diabetes mellitus Leads to: Underdeveloped/ fused LL Abnormal dev. vertebra Renal agenesis (absence) Genital abnormality ```
58
Dextrocardiac
Hearts on the right
59
Situs invertus
``` Trans location of all the viscera of the thorax and abdomen. Placed opposite from their normal sites. 20% patients have: Ciliary sinusitis Bronchictasis Male infertility (sperms with no cilia) ```
60
Somatomeres that do not form somites
1-7 | Cranial to otic
61
Somatomeres that form somites
Otic to caudal | 42 to 44 are formed at end of 5th week
62
Distribution of somites
``` 4 occipital 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 8-10 coccygeal ```
63
Anomalies due to shape of placenta
``` Bilobed Multilobed Diffuse Succenturiata Fenestrata Circumvellate ```
64
Placental anomalies due to position of umbilical cord
Marginal Furcate Velamentous
65
Placental barriers
``` Syncytiotrophoblast Cytotrophoblast Basement membrane of CT Mesoderm Endothelium of blood vessels ```
66
Placenta previa
When placenta occupies the lower 1/3 of the uterus | 1st degree to 4th degree
67
Urachal anomalies
Sinus: persists only in the upper half close to UC Cyst: forms a cyst on its course Fistula: continuous from UC to the apex of bladder
68
Types of placental barriers
``` Endotheliochorial Endothelioendothelial Epitheliochorial Hemochorial (humans) Hemoendothelial ```
69
Contents of umbilical cord
``` 2 arteries 1 left vein Wharton’s jelly Remnants of allantois Remnants of yolk sac or vitellointestinal duct ```
70
Meckel’s
Persistence of yolk sac
71
Size of umbilical cord
50-52 cm long | 1-2 cm wide
72
Cord prolapse
Compression of UC between the head of fetus and the pelvic wall of mother Others are : strangulation of neck of fetus Too short UC causes pull of placenta during parturition
73
Twining
Nurturing of two conceptus at the same time
74
Dizygotic or fraternal twins
``` 2 ovums fertilized separately - different amnion - different chorion - placenta may be separate or fused In fused placenta, there is mixture of blood leading to two red blood cell types ```
75
Monozygotic or identical
1 ovum fertilized to give a blastocyst with two embryoloblast -monochorionic diamniotic with one placenta Sometimes single embryoloblast splits into 2 - monochorionic monoamniotic with one placenta
76
Erythrocyte mosaicsm
When placentas of dizygotic twins fuse and their RBCs becomes of two different types
77
Erythrocyte mosaicsm
When placentas of dizygotic twins fuse and their RBCs becomes of two different types
78
What are pharyngeal arches
Mesenchymal condensations with ectodermal covering externally and endodermal internally. There are 1-6 arches Only 1-4 is visible
79
What are pharyngeal grooves
They are clefts formed by the invagination of ectodermal covering of pharyngeal arches.
80
What are pharyngeal pouches
They are spaces formed between invagination of endoderm of two pharyngeal arches
81
Skeletal component of maxillary process of 1st pharyngeal arch
Maxilla Premaxilla Zygomatic Part of temporal
82
Skeletal component of mandibular process of 1st pharyngeal arch
Mandible Malleus Meckel’s Incus Anterior ligament of malleus Sphenomandinular ligament
83
Skeletal component of 2nd pharyngeal arch
Stapes Styloid process Stylohyoid ligament Lesser horn of hyoid bone Upper part of hyoid bone
84
Skeletal component of 3rd pharyngeal arch
Greater horn of hyoid Lower part of hyoid
85
Skeletal component of 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch
Cricoid Cuneiform Corniculate Arethenoid Thyroid
86
Muscular component of 1st pharyngeal arch
Mylohyoid Muscles of mastication Anterior belly of digastric Tensor tympani Tensor palatini
87
Muscular component of 2nd pharyngeal arch
Stapedius Stylohyoid muscle Posterior belly of digastric Auricular muscle Muscles of facial expression
88
Muscular component of 3rd pharyngeal arch
Stylopharyngeous
89
Muscular component of 4th pharyngeal arch
Cricothyrod Levator palatini Constrictors of pharynx
90
Muscular component of 6th pharyngeal arch
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
91
Nerve supply to 1st pharyngeal arch
Mandibular div of trigerminal (Dermis is by: maxillary, Mandibular and ophthalmic branches)
92
Nerve supply to 2nd pharyngeal arch
Facial nerve
93
Nerve supply to 3rd pharyngeal arch
Glossopharyngeal nerve
94
Nerve supply to 4th pharyngeal arch
Superior laryngeal branch of vagus
95
Nerve supply to 6th pharyngeal arch
Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus
96
Derivatives of 1st pharyngeal pouch
Proximal: auditory tube Distal: middle ear cavity
97
Derivative of 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Regresses and gives space for tonsils
98
Derivative of 3rd pharyngeal pouch
Dorsal: Inferior parathyroid glands Ventral: Thymus
99
Derivative of 4th pharyngeal pouch
Dorsal: Superior parathyroid glands Ventral: Ultimobranchial body
100
Derivative of 5th pharyngeal pouch
Ultimopharyngeal body
101
What are pharyngeal membranes
A connection between the ectoderm and endoderm of pharyngeal apparatus.
102
Derivative of 1st pharyngeal membrane
Tympanic membrane
103
Derivative of 1st pharyngeal groove/cleft
External auditory meatus
104
Erythrocyte mosaicsm
When placentas of dizygotic twins fuse and their RBCs becomes of two different types
105
Other name for spermiogenesis
Metamorphosis
106
What are the equivalents of Sertoli cells and interstitial cells of leydig in females
Follicular cells and theca cells respectively
107
Stages of PGC development in males
PGD 2 dark type A 1 dark & 1 light type A 2 dark type B Primary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocyte Spermatid Spermatozoa
108
Corpus luteum life span
10-12 days if not fertilized 2-3 months if fertilized
109
What aids movement of sperm into ampulla and ovum into ampulla
Peristalsis and uterine cilia
110
Capacitation
Removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma protein covert acrosomal region of sperms
111
Steps for fertilization
Penetration of corona radiata Pen of ZP fusion of cell membranes Completion of 2nd meiotic division Formation of male pro nuclei Formation of zygote
112
Artificial stimulation of follicular cell growth is by
Administration of gonadotrophins/ clomiphene citrate
113
Major fxn of zona pellucida
Prevent implantation at wrong places to prevent ectopic pregnancy

Anatomy (8 decks)

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