Embryology

Question 1

Teratogens

Answer 1

Compounds toxic to embryonic/fetal development

Question 2

Teratology

Answer 2

Study of abnormal development

Question 3

Three basic mechanisms for embryonic growth

Answer 3

Number of cells
Size of cells
Amount of extracellular matrix

Question 4

Morphogenesis

Answer 4

Any change in shape of individual cells or tissue

Question 5

Differentiation

Answer 5

Process by which an undifferentiated cell becomes committed to a particular cell lineage

Question 6

Patterning

Answer 6

Establishment of correct orientation or position of preprogrammed subgroups of cells to each other or surrounding tissues
Usually precedes differentiation or morphogenesis

Question 7

Apoptosis

Answer 7

Process of programmed cell death

Question 8

Division

Answer 8

One cell becomes two cells

Question 9

Zygote

Answer 9

Fusion of the gametes from a female and a male
Undergoes mitotic divisions, process called cleavage

Question 10

First cleavage produces two daughter cells called ___________

Answer 10

Blastomeres

Question 11

Repeated division of the blastomeres results in a sphere of cells called a _________

Answer 11

Morula

Question 12

Superficial cells of the morula become the _________

Answer 12

Trophoblast

Question 13

Trophoblast

Answer 13

Eventually develops into the extra-embryonic membrane and attaches to the uterus

Question 14

The _________ ultimately becomes the embryo

Answer 14

Inner cell mass

Question 15

What is the embryo called when fluid accumulates in the inner cell mass?

Answer 15

Blastocyst

Question 16

Blastulation

Answer 16

Results in the formation of the inner cell mass, the trophectoderm, epiblast, and hypoblast

Question 17

Gastrulation

Answer 17

Process of germ layer formation

Question 18

Blastula has ______ layer

Answer 18

One

Question 19

Blastula is converted to

Answer 19

Outer ectoderm
Middle mesoderm
Inner ectoderm

Question 20

Epiblast becomes the

Answer 20

Embryo

Question 21

Hypoblast and trophectoderm become the

Answer 21

Extraembryonic membranes

Question 22

Ectoderm

Answer 22

differentiates into the epidermis of the skin and neural tissue

Question 23

Endoderm

Answer 23

becomes lining of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

Question 24

Mesoderm

Answer 24

Becomes urogenital, circulatory, and musculoskeletal systems

Question 25

Signaling

Answer 25

Regulates a range of processes including cell division, differentiation, migration, adherence, and apoptosis

Question 26

Induction

Answer 26

Developmental process in which the fate of a group of cells is determined by interactions with another group of cells

Question 27

Instructive induction

Answer 27

A cell receives a signal and follows a particular developmental pathway

Question 28

Permissive induction

Answer 28

a cell is already going down a pathway but needs additional signals to continue on that path

Question 29

What is the first ‘system’ to begin to develop in the embryo?

Answer 29

Nervous system

Question 30

Ectoderm dorsal to the notochord responds to signals from the notochord to give rise to the ________ and the ________

Answer 30

neural plate, neurectoderm

Question 31

Neural plate forms the ________, and the _________

Answer 31

Neural groove, neural tube

Question 32

The neural tube ultimately develops into the

Answer 32

Central nervous system

Question 33

The neural crest cells become the

Answer 33

Peripheral nervous system