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NSF > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

define embryology

A

anatomical description diff stages development

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2
Q

morphogenesis

A

development internal + external form + structure

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3
Q

define developmental biology

A

embryology + mechanisms involved in regulation

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4
Q

2 cell types

A
  1. somatic - of body, limited life
  2. germ line - for repro, immortal
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5
Q

3 types mammals

A
  1. monotremes - lay eggs
  2. marsupials - short gestation, immature young
  3. placentals - more mature when born

marsupial embryos still have a placenta

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6
Q

key stages embryo development

A
  • cleavage
  • compaction
  • formation trophectoderm + blastocyst
  • primitive endoderm
  • implantation
  • visceral + parietal endoderm
  • formation primordial germ cells + migration genital ridges
  • gastrulation
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7
Q

cleavage

A

cell division w/o cell growth from 1 cell embryo to 8 cell embryo

cells called blastomeres

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8
Q

zygote

A

fertilised oocyte

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9
Q

compaction

A

blastomeres maximise cell-cell contact to form morula

requires cell adhesion mol e-cadherin (epithelial calcium dependent adhesion) expressed on surface

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10
Q

Oct4

A

transcr factor required cell pluripotency, preventing premature differentiation ESCs

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11
Q

formation trophectoderm

A

only cells outer surface have free apical surface = transcription factor YAP enters nucleus = higher expression levels Cdx2, inhibiting Oct4 = differentiate to form TE

before all cells had Cdx2 + Oct4

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12
Q

formation blastocyst

A

TE pumps Na+ inside morula = water in by osmosis = fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel) forms

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13
Q

transcription factor

A

prot typically found nucleus responsible for turning genes on/off - which ones to mRNA to prots

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14
Q

functions trophectoderm

A
  1. pump Na+ into morula to form blastocyst - need Cdx2 to localise channels or not enough Na+ in
  2. hatching from zona pellucida
  3. implantation - helps digest through lining endometrium
  4. maintenance pregnancy
  5. formation placenta
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15
Q

cell polarisation meaning

A

intrinsic cell asymmetry - diff types prots diff parts cell

e.g. TE polarised apical-basal axis w 2 diff cell types slight diff prot expression = Na+ channels only on apical surface

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16
Q

blastocyst escapes ZP

A
  • blastocoel expands until embryo pressing against ZP
  • mural TE secretes strypsin - lyses hole in ZP
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17
Q

what happens to mural + polar TE after blastocyst escapes ZP

A

mural -> giant trophoblastic cells
* terminally diffed, non-invasive

polar -> proliferative cytotrophoblastic cells
* outside wall blastocyst + responsible implantation

18
Q

formation primitive endoderm (=hypoblast)

A

fibroblast growth factors (FGF) in external environ bind receptors = activated + cytoplasmic part phosphorylated = signalling cascade = genes expressed for transcr factor Gata6
–> suppresses expression Oct4 = differentiate
–>turns genes on make basement mem

19
Q

functions hypoblast

A
  • deposit basement mem (for compartmentalisation)
  • give rise extra-embryonic tissues to support growth
  • secrete signalling mols
20
Q

what are epiblast cells when out of embryo

A

embryonic stem cells

21
Q

implantation

blastocyst-uterus adhesion

A
  • initial low-strength interactions bet TE + endometrial epithelial cells
  • then stronger contact made by cadherins on surfaces
  • TE starts embedding uterus wall
22
Q

receptivity uterus endometrium

A

undergoes cyclical changes + only receptive implantation in small window
* acheived by oestrogen + progesterone - level maintained chorionic gonadotropin (CG)

23
Q

primitive endoderm -> parietal

A
  • TE secretes parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), causing diff
  • no close connection neighbours so migrate + form layer underlying TE
  • loads RER secrete loads ECM prots form thick basement mem (Reichert’s)
24
Q

primitive endoderm -> visceral

A
  • epiblast cells secrete bone morphogenic prots (BMPs), causing diff
  • tall epithelial w microvilli + close connections to make epithelium
  • support growth embryo - provide nutrients b4 placenta formed
25
Q

role Reichert’s membrane

A

prevents maternal immune cells entering parietal yolk sac + destroying embryo

only in rodents

26
Q

formation primordial germ cells

A

extra-embryonic tissues secrete BMPs that instruct differentiation

high levels needed so only cells v. close extra-embryonic tissues exposed sufficient + diff

27
Q

genital ridges

A

tissue that will form gonads (ovaries/testes)

28
Q

how differentiation PGCs to oocytes or sperm determined

A

gonadal somatic cells in genital ridges all cont retinoic acid but in male gonad express cytochrome P450 enz that degrades RA

RA required for PGCs become oocytes, therefore P450 inhibits oocyte diff

differentiation determined by environment not sex chromosomes

29
Q

how does retinoic acid cause PGCs differentiate into oocytes

A

lipophilic hormone
* binds retinoic acid binding prot in cyt
* binding stims complex enter nucleus
* then RA moves to bind retinoic acid receptor - transcription factor in nuc -> causes genes turn on/off

30
Q

gastrulation defn

A

pt in embryogenesis where org’s main body plan developed
== formation 3 embryonic germ layers from which all tissues + organs formed

31
Q

where does gastrulation occur

A

starts at primitive streak - marks future posterior end embryo

32
Q

gastrulation 1: formation primitive ectoderm

A

basement mem induces polarisation epiblast cells form pseudostratified epithelium = prim ecto

33
Q

visceral endoderm role in gastrulation

A

anterior part secretes LIM1 to inhibit gastrulation - only happens posterior end embryo

also secretes factors for the head to develop

34
Q

gastrulation 2: forming 3 embryonic germ layers

A

cells from primitive ectoderm loosen contact w each other = epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) + migrate through primitive streak
1. some displace visceral endoderm, forming definitive endoderm
2. some positioned bet ectoderm + endoderm, forming mesoderm

cells migrating require expression transcr factor brachyury (T)

35
Q

what is primitive streak

A

groove in midline epiblast

36
Q

epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)

A

e-cadherin (holds cells together) levels reduced

cells at prim streak can synth + respond FGFs - involved down-reg e-cad

37
Q

caudal dysgenesis

A

abnormality due to toxins resulting in insufficient mesoderm

38
Q

teratogen

A

toxin or something affecting embryo development

e.g. high levels RA

39
Q

organs derived from endoderm

A
  • lungs
  • thyroid
  • gut + liver

internal germ layer

40
Q

organs/tissues derived mesoderm

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • kidney
  • gonads
  • blood cells
41
Q

tissues/organs derived ectoderm

A
  • skin
  • nervous sys
  • pigment cells, esp melanocytes

external germ layer

42
Q

ethical issues w synthetic embryos

A

illegal experiment human embryos past day 14 - same rules apply?

NSF (22 decks)

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