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Eye And Visual Pathways > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What three processes get an entire complex organism from a single cell

A

Growth
Differentiation
Morphogenesis

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2
Q

What is the process in which unspecialized cell or stem cells acquire specialized characteristics and functions to become distinct cell types with specific roles?

A

Differentiation

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3
Q

Define morphogenesis

A

the process by which tissues, organs and organisms acquire their characteristic shape and structure during development.
* position determines fate ie cells find position before they specialize

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4
Q

What 3 processes help determine shape

A

Motility- cells move and change shape
Induction- interaction between cells
Apoptosis- cell death

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5
Q

What are the 2 states which cells exist in the early embryo

A

Epithelial cells- tightly connected in sheets or tubes
Mesenchymal cells- unconnected and operating as independent units

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6
Q

What is the difference between reciprocal and sequential inductive events

A

Reciprocal- involves a bidirectional signaling; signals from one tissue induces changes in the other tissue and vice versa
Sequential- involves a linear progression of developmental events; one event triggers the next in a predetermined sequence

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7
Q

What 4 events are involved in the formation of the crystalline lens

A
  1. Lens placode formation
  2. Lens vesicle formation
  3. Differentiation of lens fiber cells
  4. Formation of lens capsule and zonules
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8
Q

Importance of apoptosis during development

A

Tissue patterning and morphogenesis
Removal of unwanted or defective cells

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9
Q

Definition of induction

A

The process by which one group of cells influences the fate, behavior or differentiation of neighboring cells

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10
Q

What is the embryonic and foetal period?

A

Embryonic -from fertilization to the end of week 8 of development, initial formation of organs
Foetal- week 9 to 36 (2nd and 3rd trimester), developing of organs

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11
Q

Give the 5 main stages of fertilization in the oviduct

A
  1. Sperm-egg interaction (sperm binds to zona pellucida)
  2. Fusion of genetic material
  3. Activation of egg
  4. Prevention of polyspermy
  5. Formation of zygote
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12
Q

Define fertilization

A

Process by which a sperm and egg cell fuse to form a single diploid cell called a zygote.
Marks the beginning of embryonic development

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13
Q

Give the stages of somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning)

A
  1. Enucleation of egg cell
  2. Nuclear transfer of somatic cell into egg cell cytoplasm
  3. Embryo culture in a lab to develop a blastocyst
  4. Implantation of embryo or harvesting of stem cell
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14
Q

What causes Leber’s optic atrophy

A

Mutation of genes encoded by mitochondrial DNA

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15
Q

Symptoms of LHON/ Lebers optic atrophy

A

Blurring of central vision
Desaturation of colour
Optic nerve damage

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16
Q

Describe the processes cleavage and compaction

A

Cleavage- division of zygote into smaller cells known as blastomeres. Occurs without an increase in the overall size of the embryo
Compaction- cell to cell adhesion and morphology that result in the formation of a tightly adherent group of cells. Typically occurs around the 8to16 cell stage

17
Q

Describe the process of cavitation

A

At the 16cell stage(morula), a blasteol (fluid-filled cavity) is formed within the ball of cells forming a blastocyst

18
Q

Difference between trophoblast and embryoblast

A

Trophoblast- outer cell mass. Will form foetal part of placenta and other extraembryonic tissue
Embroblast- inner cell mass. Forms the actual embry and some extraembryonic tissue

19
Q

Define implantation

A

process by which blastocyst attaches to and embeds within the lining of the uterus (endometrium) in preparation for further development

20
Q

Differentiate the terms 1. Blastomere 2. Morula 3. Blastocyst 4. Blastocoel

A
  1. Blastomere- individual cells resukting from cleavage division
  2. Morula- solid ball of blastomeres
  3. Blastocyst- advanced stage with a fluid filled cavity and distinct cell populations
  4. Blastocoel- fluid filled cavity within the blastocyst
21
Q

Define zygote

A

Cell formed by the fusion of two gametes ie sperm and egg cells

Eye And Visual Pathways (8 decks)

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