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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

The bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into the trilaminar embryo during week _

A

The bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into the trilaminar embryo during week 3

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar embryo?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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3
Q

The central nervous system and the sensory organs are derived from _

A

The central nervous system and the sensory organs are derived from ectoderm

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4
Q

The epidermis of the skin and its appendages (nails, sweat glands, mammary glands, tooth enamel) is derived from _

A

The epidermis of the skin and its appendages (nails, sweat glands, mammary glands, tooth enamel) is derived from ectoderm

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5
Q

Neural crest cells are derived from _

A

Neural crest cells are derived from ectoderm

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6
Q

The neural crest cells give rise to _

A

The neural crest cells give rise to PNS, melanocytes, endocrine tissues, connective tissues in head and heart

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7
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to mainly _ and _

A

Mesoderm gives rise to mainly muscle and connective tissues (including blood)
* Therefore most organs come from mesoderm

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8
Q

_ layer derives the epithelial linings of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts

A

Endoderm layer derives the epithelial linings of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts

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9
Q

The epithelial portions of many glands and organs gets derived from _

A

The epithelial portions of many glands and organs gets derived from endoderm

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10
Q

Most of the body organs are formed from _ layer

A

Most of the body organs are formed from mesoderm

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11
Q

Gastrulation begins with the formation of the _ in the epiblast which eventually becomes the caudal end of embryo

A

Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak in the epiblast which eventually becomes the caudal end of embryo

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12
Q

The primitive streak of the epiblast eventually becomes the (caudal/cranial) end

A

The primitive streak of the epiblast eventually becomes the caudal end

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13
Q

The primitive node is at the (caudal/cranial) end of the embryo

A

The primitive node is at the cranial end of the embryo

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14
Q

The axial mesoderm –> _ + _

A

The axial mesoderm –> prechordal plate (forebrain) + notochord

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15
Q

Paraxial mesoderm will give rise to tissue blocks termined _ which give rise to dermis layer, skeletal muscle, etc

A

Paraxial mesoderm will give rise to tissue blocks termined somites which give rise to dermis layer, skeletal muscle, etc
* These form the “body wall” (dermis, skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage)

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16
Q

The differentiation of neural tissue from the ectoderm is dependent on induction signal received from the _

A

The differentiation of neural tissue from the ectoderm is dependent on induction signal received from the notochord
* The notochord induces underlying ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form neural plate

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17
Q

The cells immediately adjacent to the notochord become columnar and form a distinctive neural plate which will become the _ and _

A

The cells immediately adjacent to the notochord become columnar and form a distinctive neural plate which will become the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Soon after neural plate formation, the neural folds approach one another in the midline and fuse to form the _

A

Soon after neural plate formation, the neural folds approach one another in the midline and fuse to form the neural tube

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19
Q

The fusion of the neural tube begins at somite _ in the cervical region and proceeds cranially and caudally

A

The fusion of the neural tube begins at fifth somite in the cervical region and proceeds cranially and caudally

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20
Q

If failure of the neural tube closure occurs in the cranial region the the defect is called _

A

If failure of the neural tube closure occurs in the cranial region the the defect is called anencephaly (most of the brain fails to form)

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21
Q

Neural crest cells are formed from _

A

Neural crest cells are formed from neurulation
* As the neural folds fuse, cells at their lateral borders lose adhesion and dissociate –> neural crest cells

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22
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to _

A

Neural crest cells give rise to:
* Sensory neurons
* Autonomic neurons (SNS, PNS)
* Neurological cells of PNS
* Melanocytes
* Adrenal medulla cells
* Connective tissues and bone of face/skull

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23
Q

The _ layer of the embryo forms the ventral surface of the embryo and the roof of the yolk sac

A

The endoderm layer of the embryo forms the ventral surface of the embryo and the roof of the yolk sac

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24
Q

What week does the primitive streak form?

A

What week does the primitive streak form? week 3

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25
The nucleus pulposus comes from the _ structure
The nucleus pulposus comes from the **notochord**
26
The brain and spinal cord are derived from the _
The brain and spinal cord are derived from the **neural plate**
27
Organogenesis occurs during _ weeks
Organogenesis occurs during **week 3-8 (embryonic period)** * This is when teratogen exposure leads to embryonic malformations
28
The ectoderm divides into two components the _ and _
The ectoderm divides into two components the **surface ectoderm** and **neuroectoderm** * Ectoderm makes "beauty and brains"
29
The epidermis is derived from _
The epidermis is derived from **surface ectoderm** * Ectoderm makes "beauty and brains"
30
The CNS and brain is derived from _
The CNS and brain is derived from **neuroectoderm**
31
The adenohypophysis is derived from _
The adenohypophysis is derived from **surface ectoderm**
32
Neural crest cells are a subset of _
Neural crest cells are a subset of **ectoderm**
33
PNS neurons, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are derived from _
PNS neurons, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are derived from **neural crest cells (ectoderm)**
34
The bones and connective tissue of the skull is derived from _
The bones and connective tissue of the skull is derived from **neural crest cells (ectoderm)**
35
Name the subcategories of mesoderm:
Name the subcategories of mesoderm: **Axial mesoderm** **Paraxial mesoderm** **Intermediate mesoderm** **Lateral plate mesoderm**
36
The notochord is derived from _
The notochord is derived from **axial mesoderm** * Notochord --> nucleus pulposus
37
Vertebrae and ribs are derived from the _
Vertebrae and ribs are derived from the **paraxial mesoderm**
38
The lateral plate mesoderm later becomes:
The lateral plate mesoderm later becomes: * **Cardiovascular system** * **Microglia** * **Stem cells of hematopoietic origin** * **Limbs**
39
Neurulation begins during week _ of development
Neurulation begins during **week 3** of development
40
The ectoderm thickens and the neural plate invaginates, forming the neural fold, neural crest, and neural groove; this happens under the influence of the _
The ectoderm thickens and the neural plate invaginates, forming the neural fold, neural crest, and neural groove; this happens under the influence of the **notochord**
41
What happens after invagination of the neural plate?
1. The **neural fold** becomes the neural tube 2. The **neural crest** becomes crest cells *These separate from the ectoderm*
42
The neural tube becomes the (CNS/PNS) while the neural crest becomes the (CNS/PNS)
The neural tube becomes the **CNS** while the neural crest becomes the **PNS**
43
The cranial and caudal neuropores close at the end of week _
The cranial and caudal neuropores close at the end of **week 4**
44
Dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia are derived from _
Dorsal root ganglia and autonomic ganglia are derived from **neural crest cells**
45
Neural tube closure begins in the _
Neural tube closure begins in the **midline** * Moves caudally and cranially
46
Once the neural tube has formed, it induces the surrounding vertebrae to form, from [somite]
Once the neural tube has formed, it induces the surrounding vertebrae to form, from **sclerotome** * Neural tube defects can occur if this doesn't happen normally
47
The neural tube wall is composed of _ , while the neural tube lumen will become the _
The neural tube wall is composed of **neurons, glial cells** , while the neural tube lumen will become the **ventricles (brain)** and **central canal (spinal cord)**
48
The neural tube wall forms (3) layers: *superficial to deep*
1. **Marginal** 2. **Mantle**: aka intermediate 3. **Ventricular**
49
The marginal layer of the neural tube wall becomes the _
The marginal layer of the neural tube wall becomes the **white matter** (axon clusters)
50
The mantle layer of the neural tube wall becomes the _
The mantle layer of the neural tube wall becomes the **gray matter** (neuronal cell bodies)
51
The ventricular layer of the neural tube wall becomes the _
The ventricular layer of the neural tube wall becomes the **ependyma** (lining the ventricles) --> primary source of CSF production
52
[Layer of neural tube] divides into the alar and basal plates
**Intermediate (mantle) layer** divides into the alar and basal plates * Recall this is the gray matter
53
The alar plate forms at the (dorsal/ventral) side and becomes the _
The ***alar plate*** forms at the **dorsal** side and becomes the **dorsal horn** * *The dorsal horn has sensory/afferent function*
54
The basal plate forms at the (dorsal/ventral) side and becomes the _
The ***basal plate*** forms at the **ventral** side and becomes the **ventral horn** * *Ventral horn has motor/efferent function*
55
In the brainstem, the 4th ventricle widens and pushes the (alar/basal) plate laterally and the (alar/basal) plate remains medial
In the brainstem, the 4th ventricle widens and pushes the **alar plate** *laterally* and the **basal plate** remains *medial* * Alar --> lateral --> sensory CN nuclei * Basal --> medial --> motor CN nuclei
56
The neural tube eventually forms the brain from [3 primary vesicles]
The neural tube eventually forms the brain from 3 primary vesicles: 1. **Forebrain (prosencephalon)** 2. **Midbrain (mesencephalon)** 3. **Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)**
57
Name the 5 secondary vesicles
1. **Telencephalon** (F) 2. **Diencephalon** (F) 3. **Mesencephalon** (M) 4. **Metencephalon** (H) 5. **Myelencephalon** (H)
58
Telencephalon becomes the _
Telencephalon becomes the **cerebral hemispheres**
59
Diencephalon becomes the _
Diencephalon becomes the **thalamus, etc**
60
Mesencephalon becomes the _
Mesencephalon becomes the **midbrain**
61
Metencephalon becomes the _
Metencephalon becomes the **pons, cerebellum**
62
Myelencephalon becomes the _
Myelencephalon becomes the **medulla**
63
Why do many large interior structures grow into a C shape?
As cell number increases, in order to fit into the skull the cerebrum bends and forms into a C shape * *Many internal structures do the same- lateral ventricles, caudate nucleus, corpus callosum*
64
Weeks _ are most vulnerable for neural tube defects or mental retardation
**Weeks 3-16** are most vulnerable for neural tube defects or mental retardation
65
The basic abnormality of NTD is a defect of the overlying _
The basic abnormality of NTD is a defect of the overlying **bone** * *There may or may not be an abnormality of underlying neural tissue*
66
NTD can be caused by a maternal [deficiency]
NTD can be caused by a maternal **folic acid (B9) deficiency**
67
NTD are often detected by [protein abnormality]
NTD are often detected by **increased aFP in maternal blood (and amniotic fluid)** * *Also picked up via ultrasound* * *Increased acetylcholinesterase is confirmatory*
68
A tuft of hair at the lower back is pathognomonic for _
A tuft of hair at the lower back is pathognomonic for **spina bifida occulta**
69
_ is a form of spina bifida cystica which often involves no functional impairments
**Meningocele** is a form of spina bifida cystica which often involves no functional impairments * Only an outpouching of meninges (no neural tissue)
70
_ is a form of spina bifida cystica which often involves paralysis below the lesion, bowel/urinary dysfunction, and hydrocephalus
**Myelomeningocele** is a form of spina bifida cystica which often involves paralysis below the lesion, bowel/urinary dysfunction, and hydrocephalus * *Herniation of the meninges and neural tissue*
71
_ is a form of spina bifida cystica that involves loss of function below the lesion and often develops with anencephaly
**Rachischsis** is a form of spina bifida cystica that involves loss of function below the lesion and often develops with anencephaly
72
_ is a cranial nerve tube defect in which the meninges (+/-) brain may herniate
**Cranium bifidum** is a cranial nerve tube defect in which the meninges (+/-) brain may herniate
73
Cranium bifidum is a defect of [bone]
Cranium bifidum is a defect of **occipital bone**
74
What is the spectrum of severity of cranial NTD?
Cranial meningocele Meningoencephalocele Anencephaly
75
_ can occur if the cranial neuropore does NOT fuse during week 4
**Anencephaly** can occur if the cranial neuropore does NOT fuse during week 4 * *No neural tube forms in the cranial region* * *No cerebrum forms, no skull, no skin* * *Polyhydramnios (no swallowing center in brain)*
76
_ is associated with midline facial defects that range from hypotelorism to cyclopia
**Holoprosencephaly** is associated with midline facial defects that range from hypotelorism to cyclopia
77
Holoprosencephaly is associated with environmental exposure like _ , or genetic mutations like _ , chromosomal abnormalities like _
Holoprosencephaly is associated with environmental exposure like **fetal alcohol syndrome** , or genetic mutations like **homeobox gene** , chromosomal abnormalities like **trisomy 13**
78
Name 3 common genetic mutations associated with holoprosencephaly
Name 3 common genetic mutations associated with holoprosencephaly 1. Six3 homeobox gene 2. SHH gene 3. ZIC2 gene
79
_ is a failure of separation of the forebrain into two cerebral hemispheres
**Holoprosencephaly** is a failure of separation of the forebrain into two cerebral hemispheres
80
_ is a rare, gene-linked brain malformation characterized by the absence of normal folds in the cerebral cortex
**Lissencephaly** is a rare, gene-linked brain malformation characterized by the absence of normal folds in the cerebral cortex; associated with microcephaly * *The word means "smooth brain"*
81
Non-communicating hydrocephalus means _
*Non-communicating* hydrocephalus means **obstruction to CSF flow** * *The ventricles are not communicating with the subarachnoid space*
82
Communicating hydrocephalus means _
Communicating hydrocephalus means **there's an imbalance between CSF production and reabsorption (without obstruction)**
83
The most common cause of hydrocephalus is _
The most common cause of hydrocephalus is **stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct**
84
_ is a type of congenital brain abnormality where the lower part of the brain, the cerebellar tonsils, extends into the upper spinal canal
**Chiari type I** is a type of congenital brain abnormality where the lower part of the brain, the cerebellar tonsils, extends into the upper spinal canal
85
In chiari type I, the cerebellar tonsil herniates downward through the _
In chiari type I, the cerebellar tonsil herniates downward through the **foramen magnum**
86
(Chiari I/ II) is strongly associated with syringomyelia
**Chiari type I** is strongly associated with syringomyelia * *Fluid-filled cavity or cyst forms within the spinal cord*
87
Chiari type II involves _
Chiari type II involves **herniation of the vermis and downward displacement of the brainstem** * Essentially a more severe form of type I
88
Chiari type II is almost always associated with _ and accompanied by _
Chiari type II is almost always associated with **lumbosacral myelomeningocele** and accompanied by **hydrocephalus** (> 80% of cases)
89
Vermal agenesis is called _ syndrome
Vermal agenesis is called **Dandy walker syndrome** * *Also will see dilated fourth ventricle, hydrocephalus*
90
91
The alar plate is regulated/induced by _
The alar plate is regulated/induced by **bone morphogenic protein (BMP)**
92
The basal plate is regulated/induced by _
The basal plate is regulated/induced by **sonic hedgehog gene (SHH)**
93
The lateral ventricle is a derivative of [secondary vesicle]
The lateral ventricle is a derivative of **telencephalon**
94
The third ventricle is a derivative of [secondary vesicle]
The third ventricle is a derivative of **diencephalon**
95
The cerebral aqueduct is a derivative of [secondary vesicle]
The cerebral aqueduct is a derivative of **mesencephalon**
96
The upper part of the fourth ventricle is a derivative of [secondary vesicle] while the lower part is from [secondary vesicle]
The upper part of the fourth ventricle is a derivative of **metencephalon** while the lower part is from **myelencephalon**
97
Microglia is derived from [embryonic layer]
Microglia is derived from **mesoderm**
98
Spina bifida occulta will have _ aFP levels
Spina bifida occulta will have **normal** aFP levels
99
(True/False) Dura is intact in spina bifida occulta
True; dura is intact; there is failure of the caudal neuropore to close but no herniation
100
**Holoprosencephaly**: MRI shows monoventricle + fusion of basal ganglia

Neuro (18 decks)

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