Intro to neuro Flashcards
1
Q
What plane?
A
Horizontal
2
Q
What plane?
A
Coronal
3
Q
A
Sagittal
4
Q
Two hemispheres of the brain make up the _
A
Two hemispheres of the brain make up the cerebrum
5
Q
The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the _
A
The outer portion of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex
6
Q
The diencephalon is the space surrounding the _ and _
A
The diencephalon is the space surrounding the thalamus and hypothalamus
7
Q
Name the portions of the brainstem superior to inferior
A
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
8
Q
The cerebrum is made up of the cerebral cortex and the _
A
The cerebrum is made up of the cerebral cortex and the underlying white and grey matter
9
Q
ID structure
A
Longitudinal fissure
10
Q
ID structure
A
Central sulcus
11
Q
ID structure
A
Lateral (sylvian) fissure
12
Q
ID structure
A
Parieto-occipital sulcus
13
Q
ID structure
A
Corpus collosum
14
Q
ID structure
A
Corpus collosum
15
Q
_ cortices are the first regions to receive crude sensory information
A
Primary sensory cortices are the first regions to receive crude sensory information
* Sends information to association areas for detailed processing
16
Q
_ is the last region in the cortex to receive motor information before it descends to lower regions
A
Primary motor cortex is the last region in the cortex to receive motor information before it descends to lower regions
17
Q
(Primary sensory cortices/ association cortices) are responsible for detailed processing
A
Association cortices are responsible for detailed processing
* Constitutes the majority of the cortex
18
Q
ID structure
A
Premotor cortex
19
Q
A
Primary motor cortex
20
Q
ID structure
A
Primary somatosensory cortex
21
Q
ID structure
A
Broca area
22
Q
ID structure
A
Wernicke area
23
Q
The _ cortex is responsible for executive functions like planning and reasoning
A
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive functions like planning and reasoning
24
Q
In addition to executive functions, the prefrontal cortex also has a role in _
A
In addition to executive functions, the prefrontal cortex also has a role in behavior, emotions, inhibition, learning, memory
25
The precentral gyrus is the site of the _
The precentral gyrus is the site of the **primary motor cortex**
26
The precentral gyrus is responsible for _
The precentral gyrus is responsible for **execution of voluntary movements** (primary motor cortex)
27
_ is responsible for language production
**Broca's area** is responsible for language production
28
For most right handed individuals, broca's area will be found in the (R/L) hemisphere
For most right handed individuals, broca's area will be found in the **left hemisphere**
29
Damage to the _ lobe can result in hemispatial neglect
Damage to the **parietal lobe** can result in hemispatial neglect
30
The parietal lobe is responsible for _
The parietal lobe is responsible for **sensation, perception, proprioception, balance, visuospatial processing, movement detection**
31
The postcentral gyrus is the site for _
The postcentral gyrus is the site for **primary somatosensory cortex**
32
_ receives crude sensory information like touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception
**Primary somatosensory cortex** receives crude sensory information like touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception
33
The _ cortex helps with balance, equilibrium, spatial orientation, visual reflexes, and postural reflexes
The **primary vestibular cortex** helps with balance, equilibrium, spatial orientation, visual reflexes, and postural reflexes
34
The primary vestibular cortex is composed of several regions including the _ and _
The primary vestibular cortex is composed of several regions including the **temporoparietal** and **frontal cortex**
35
The primary motor and somatosensory cortices are organized somatotopically, with **higher cortical surface area** for areas with _
The primary motor and somatosensory cortices are organized somatotopically, with **higher cortical surface area** for areas with **greater receptor innervation**
36
The temporal lobe has functions in _
The temporal lobe has functions in **audition, olfaction, emotion, memory**
* Also routes visual information
37
Detection and localization of sound in the primary auditory cortex occurs _laterally
Detection and localization of sound in the primary auditory cortex occurs ***bilaterally***
38
The _ is a hook-shaped structure in the innermost part of the temporal lobe that helps with olfactory processing
The **uncus** is a hook-shaped structure in the innermost part of the temporal lobe that helps with olfactory processing
39
The _ cortex and _ cortex are important structures for olfaction in addition to the uncus
The **piriform cortex** and **entorhinal cortex** are important structures for olfaction in addition to the uncus
40
The hippocampus and amygdala are located in the _ lobe
The hippocampus and amygdala are located in the **temporal lobe**
41
_ is the area responsible for language comprehension and it is located in the _
**Wernicke's area** is the area responsible for language comprehension and it is located in the **temporal lobe**
42
Agrammatism and anomia are examples of _ aphasia
Agrammatism and anomia are examples of **broca's aphasia**
43
_ aphasia is characterized by fluent but meaningless speech
**Wernicke's aphasia** is characterized by fluent but meaningless speech
44
Broca's area is linked to wernicke's area by _
Broca's area is linked to wernicke's area by **arcuate fasciculus**
45
Cell bodies are found in (broca/ wernicke) while axons synapse in (broca/ wernicke)
Cell bodies are found in **Wernicke's area** while axons synapse in **Broca's area**
46
Motion recognition and orientation towards a visual stimulus is the responsibility of the _ lobe
Motion recognition and orientation towards a visual stimulus is the responsibility of the **occipital lobe**
47
The primary visual cortex is found along the _ sulcus
The primary visual cortex is found along the **calcarine sulcus**
48
The right visual field is processed in the (right/left) hemisphere
The right visual field is processed in the **left hemisphere** (contralateral)
49
The retinotopic organization of the occipital lobe means that higher cortical surface area means _
The retinotopic organization of the occipital lobe means that higher cortical surface area means **higher receptor innervation and visual acuity**
50
The _ region of the brain is important for balance, coordination, and fine muscle control
The **cerebellum** of the brain is important for balance, coordination, and fine muscle control
51
Broca's area is found in the _ region
Broca's area is found in the **posterior inferior frontal gyrus**
52
The primary auditory cortex is located in the _ region
The primary auditory cortex is located in the **transverse temporal gyri** (*Heschl's gyrus*)
53
Wernicke's area is located in the _ region
Wernicke's area is located in the **superior temporal gyrus**
54
The primary olfactory cortex is found in the _ regions
The primary olfactory cortex is found in the **uncus, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex**
55
The largest white matter tract in the brain is the _
The largest white matter tract in the brain is the **corpus callosum**
56
The purpose of the corpus collosum is to _
The purpose of the corpus collosum is to **allow two hemispheres to communicate**
57
ID the dark red structure
Lateral ventricles
58
ID the pink structures
Caudate nucleus
59
ID the yellow structures
Thalamus
60
ID the putamen
61
ID the globus pallidus interna and externa
62
ID the green structures
Subthalamic nucleus (superior)
Substantia nigra (inferior)
63
The substantia nigra is part of the [larger region] while the subthalamic nucleus is part of the [larger region]
The *substantia nigra* is part of the **midbrain** while the *subthalamic nucleus* is part of the **diencephalon**
64
_ matter is made up of bundles of axons
**White matter** is made up of bundles of axons
65
_ matter is made up of clusters of neuronal cell bodies
**Grey matter** is made up of clusters of neuronal cell bodies
66
In the CNS a bundle of axons is called a _
In the CNS a bundle of axons is called a **tract**
* Or fasciculus, lemniscus, column, pathway
67
In the PNS, a bundle of axons is called a _
In the PNS, a bundle of axons is called a **nerve**
68
Grey matter is the brain is found in the outer region, _ and the inner region _
Grey matter is the brain is found in the outer region, **cortex** and the inner region **nucleus**
69
Grey matter in the PNS is called _
Grey matter in the PNS is called **ganglia**
* Encapsulated aggregation of cell bodies found in the periphery
* We have spinal, cranial, autonomic ganglia
70
_ fibers connect cortical areas
**Association** fibers connect cortical areas
71
_ fibers connect the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord
**Projection** fibers connect the cortex to the brainstem and spinal cord
* E.g. ascending sensory and descending motor tracts
72
_ fibers connect similar areas between hemispheres
**Commissural** fibers connect similar areas between hemispheres
73
The _ white matter tract connects the hemispheres and all four lobes
The **corpus callosum** connects the hemispheres and all four lobes
74
The _ is the bidirectional tract that transmits information to and from the cerebral cortex/ brainstem
The **internal capsule** is the bidirectional tract that transmits information to and from the cerebral cortex/ brainstem
75
Name the 3 parts of the internal capsule
Name the 3 parts of the internal capsule
1. **Anterior limb**
2. **Genu**
3. **Posterior limb**
76
[Internal capsule segment] that helps in cognition, decision-making, emotion, and motivation
**Anterior limb** is the part of the internal capsule that helps in cognition, decision-making, emotion, and motivation
77
[Internal capsule segment] helps with limb movement, bodily somatosensation, vision, audition
**Posterior limb** helps with limb movement, bodily somatosensation, vision, audition
78
The "striatum" is made up of the _ + _
The "striatum" is made of the **caudate nucleus** + **putamen**
79
The lentiform nucleus is made up of the _ + _
The lentiform nucleus is made up of the **putamen** + **globus pallidus**
80
The function of the basal ganglia (collection of structures) is to _
The function of the basal ganglia (collection of structures) is to **modulate voluntary movement and posture**
81
Name the four divisions of the diencephalon
Name the four divisions of the diencephalon:
1. **Epithalamus**
2. **Thalamus**
3. **Hypothalamus**
4. **Subthalamus**
82
The epithalamus contains the [structure]
The epithalamus contains the **pineal gland**
* Melatonin --> circadian rhythm
83
The _ is a central hub in the brain that processes and transmits sensory and motor information
The **thalamus** is a central hub in the brain that processes and transmits sensory and motor information
84
The _ has autonomic, endocrine, and limbic functions and has a role in motivated behaviors
The **hypothalamus** has autonomic, endocrine, and limbic functions and has a role in motivated behaviors
85
The subthalamus contains the subthalamic nucleus which is part of the _ and functions to _
The subthalamus contains the subthalamic nucleus which is part of the **basal ganglia** and functions to **modulate motor control**
86
ID the structure
Epithalamus (pineal gland)
87
ID the structure
Thalamus
88
ID the structure
Hypothalamus
89
The ventral anterior nucleus (VA) has _ functions
The ventral anterior nucleus (VA) has **motor functions**
90
The VA gets input from _ and sends output to _
The VA gets input from **globus pallidus** and sends output to **premotor cortex**
91
Ventral lateral nucleus (VL) has _ functions
Ventral lateral nucleus (VL) has **motor functions**
92
The VL gets input from the _ and sends output to the _
The VL gets input from the **cerebellum & basal ganglia** and sends output to the **primary motor cortex**
93
The _ and _ thalamic nuclei coordinate motor function
The **VA** and **VL** thalamic nuclei coordinate motor function
* *Vacate from ants*
* *Vodka ~walk~ laterally*
94
The _ thalamic nucleus relays information about bodily sensation
The **ventral posterolateral (VPL)** nucleus relays information about bodily sensation
* *Vibration, pain, pressure, proprioception, light touch* = V. P. L.
95
The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) is responsible for relaying _
The ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) is responsible for relaying **facial sensation & taste**
* *Vocalist post malone has distasteful facial tattoos*
96
The VPL gets input from _ and _
The VPL gets input from **spinothalamic** and **dorsal column medial lemniscus** pathways
97
The VPL sends output to the _
The VPL sends output to the **primary somatosensory cortex**
98
The ventral posteromedial nucleus gets input from _ and _
The ventral posteromedial nucleus gets input from **trigeminal nerve** and **gustatory pathway**
99
The VPM sends output to the _
The VPM sends output to the **primary somatosensory cortex**
100
The _ thalamic nucleus relays vision information
The **lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)** thalamic nucleus relays vision information
* *Long gone the night*
101
The lateral geniculate nucleus gets input from the _ areas
The lateral geniculate nucleus gets input from the:
* **Optic nerve (CN II)**
* **Optic chiasm**
* **Optic tract**
102
The LGN sends output to the _
The LGN sends output to the **primary visual cortex**
103
The _ thalamic nucleus relays hearing info
The **medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)** thalamic nucleus relays hearing info
104
The MGN receives input from the _
The MGN receives input from the **superior olive & inferior colliculus of the tectum**
105
The MGN sends output to the _
The MGN sends output to the **primary auditory cortex**
106
The _ and _ thalamic nuclei send output to the primary somatosensory cortex
The **VPL** and **VPM** thalamic nuclei send output to the primary somatosensory cortex
107
The lateral nucleus (hypothalamus) stimulates _
The lateral nucleus (hypothalamus) stimulates **hunger**
108
The ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus) stimulates _
The ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus) stimulates **satiety**
109
The lateral nucleus activity is stimulated by [hormone] and inhibited by [hormone]
The lateral nucleus activity is stimulated by **ghrelin** and inhibited by **leptin**
110
The ventromedial nucleus is stimulated by [hormone]
The ventromedial nucleus is stimulated by **leptin**
111
A lesion of the _ hypothalamic nucleus can cause anorexia or failure to thrive
A lesion of the **lateral nucleus** can cause anorexia or failure to thrive
112
A lesion of the _ hypothalamic nucleus can cause hyperphagia
A lesion of the **ventromedial nucleus** can cause hyperphagia
113
The anterior nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for _
The anterior nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for **cooling & parasympathetic ANS**
114
The posterior nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for _
The posterior nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for **heating & sympathetic nucleus**
115
A lesion of the [hypothalamic nucleus] can cause hyperthermia
A lesion of the **anterior nucleus** can cause hyperthermia
116
A lesion of the [hypothalamic nucleus] can cause hypothermia
A lesion of the **posterior nucleus** can cause hypothermia
117
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for _
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for **circadian rhythms**
* *SCN = sun sensing*
118
The paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus) synthesizes and releases _
The paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus) synthesizes and releases **oxytocin**
* *SAD POX*
119
The supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) synthesizes and releases _
The supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) synthesizes and releases **ADH**
* *SAD POX*
120
The preoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for _ and _
The preoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) is responsible for **thermoregulation** and **sexual behaviors**
121
A lesion of the preoptic nucleus can result in _ syndrome
A lesion of the preoptic nucleus can result in **Kallmann syndrome**
* *Underdeveloped or absent secondary sex characteristics + impaired sense of smell*
122
Hyposmia or anosmia may be caused by a lesion at the [hypothalamic nucleus]
Hyposmia or anosmia may be caused by a lesion at the **preoptic nucleus**
123
The [hypothalamic nucleus] is responsible for producing and releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
The **preoptic nucleus** is responsible for producing and releasing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
124
The function of the limbic system can be remembered with the mnemonic _
The function of the limbic system can be remembered with the mnemonic **"the 5 F's"**
1. **Feeding**
2. **Fleeing**
3. **Fighting**
4. **Feeling**
5. **Sex**
*Regulates long term memory, emotion, behavioral regulation, autonomic responses, endocrine responses, olfaction, pain affect*
125
The _ and _ brain structures are important for storage and retrieval of procedural memories
The **basal ganglia** and **cerebellum** brain structures are important for storage and retrieval of procedural memories
* *E.g remembering how to ride a bike*
126
The _ is involved in emotion memory, a form of implicit memory
The **amygdala** is involved in emotional memory, a form of implicit memory
127
The _ and _ regions of the brain are involved in short and long term memory
The **hippocampus** and **cortex** regions of the brain are involved in short and long term memory
128
Semantic and episodic are two forms of _ memory
Semantic and episodic are two forms of **declarative (explicit)** memory
129
Name 3 main regions of the limbic system
Name 3 main regions of the limbic system
1. **Cerebral cortex**
2. **Diencephalon**
3. **Reticular formation**
130
Name the components of the cerebral cortex (part of limbic system)
Name the components of the cerebral cortex (part of limbic system)
1. **Cingulate gyrus**
2. **Parahippocampal gyrus**
3. **Dentate gyrus**
4. **Fornix**
5. **Amygdala**
6. **Hippocampus**
131
The _ connects the limbic structures to the prefrontal cortex
The **cingulate gyrus** connects the limbic structures to the prefrontal cortex
132
The _ is involved in enthusiasm, passion, pain unpleasantness, and avoidance; so a lesion here can result in flattened affect
The **cingulate gyrus** is involved in enthusiasm, passion, pain unpleasantness, and avoidance; so a lesion here can result in flattened affect
133
The parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and hippocampus are all components of the _ lobe
The parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and hippocampus are all components of the **temporal lobe**
134
The parahippocampal gyrus has functions in _
The parahippocampal gyrus has functions in **episodic memory**
* E.g. specific details about events, time, and places
* Helps with *navigational memory*
135
A lesion in the [brain region] may result in loss of empathy and remorse, new-onset anxiety and aggression
A lesion in the **amygdala** may result in loss of empathy and remorse, new-onset anxiety and aggression
136
Bilateral damage of the amygdala can cause _ syndrome
Bilateral damage of the amygdala can cause **Kluver-Bucy syndrome**
137
_ is a limbic system region that is particularly epileptogenic (seizures tend to originate here)
**Hippocampus** is a limbic system region that is particularly epileptogenic (seizures tend to originate here)
138
A lesion in the hippocampus can result in _
A lesion in the hippocampus can result in **memory loss, anterograde amnesia**
* *Hippocampus has a big role in learning and memory*
* E.g. Alzheimer's disease
139
ID the structure
Mamillary bodies
140
Bilateral damage to the mamillary bodies may result in _ syndrome
Bilateral damage to the mamillary bodies may result in **Korsakoff's syndrome**
141
Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory disorder that most often causes (anterograde/retrograde) amnesia
Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory disorder that most often causes **anterograde amnesia**
* *Can't form new memories*
142
Chronic alcohol users are at risk for [vitamin deficiency] which can lead to anterograde amnesia & confabulation (Korsakoff's syndrome)
Chronic alcohol users are at risk for **vitamin B1 (thiamine)** deficiency which can lead to anterograde amnesia & confabulation (Korsakoff's syndrome)
143
The mesolimbic pathway (part of the limbic system) originates at the _ and targets the _
The mesolimbic pathway (part of the limbic system) originates at the **ventral tegmental area (VTA)** and targets the **nucleus accumbens**
* It also projects to the amygdala and frontal cortex
144
The mesolimbic pathway is involved in _
The mesolimbic pathway is involved in **pleasure, reward, reinforcement, addiction**
145
_ is located in the midbrain and contains dopaminergic neurons which produce dopamine
**Ventral tegmental area (VTA)** is located in the midbrain and contains dopaminergic neurons which produce dopamine
146
Anterior nuclei *of the thalamus* are part of the limbic system and have a role in _
Anterior nuclei *of the thalamus* are part of the limbic system and have a role in **learning & memory**
* *Part of the papez circuit*
147
The _ is a cluster of nuclei in the brainstem that controls arousal, alertness, breathing, etc
The **reticular formation** is a cluster of nuclei in the brainstem that controls arousal, alertness, breathing, etc
* *Also home to nuclei that make NT like serotonin, NE*
148
The _ is a circuit for memory and emotions that includes the hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex
The **Papez circuit** is a circuit for memory and emotions that includes the hippocampus, fornix, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamic nuclei, cingulate gyrus, and entorhinal cortex
149
The hippocampus communicates with the mammillary bodies via the _ (Papez circuit)
The hippocampus communicates with the mammillary bodies via the **fornix** (Papez circuit)
150
The mamillary bodies communicate with the anterior thalamic nuclei via the _ tract (Papez circuit)
The mamillary bodies communicate with the anterior thalamic nuclei via the **mammillothalamic tract** (Papez circuit)
151
The anterior thalamic nuclei communicate with the cingulate cortex via the _
The anterior thalamic nuclei communicate with the cingulate cortex via the **internal capsule**
152
The cingulate cortex communicates with the hippocampus via the _
The cingulate cortex communicates with the hippocampus via the **cingulum**
153
Papez circuit:
Hippocampus --> _ --> _ --> _ --> hippocampus
Papez circuit:
Hippocampus --> **mammillary bodies** --> **anterior thalamic nuclei** --> **cingulate cortex** --> hippocampus
154
What would happen if the temporal lobes were removed or damaged?
* Would spare **intelligence + procedural memory**
* Would impair **declarative memory** + **anterograde memory**
* *Think of patient H.M*
155
Damage to the medial temporal lobes may result in _ syndrome, characterized by behaviors such as _
Damage to the medial temporal lobes may result in **Kluver-Bucy syndrome**, characterized by behaviors such as **hyperorality, hypersexuality, emotional blunting, memory impairments** (etc)
156
A common infectious cause of kluver-bucy syndrome is _
A common infectious cause of kluver-bucy syndrome is **HSV-1**
* Recall that HSV-1 causes temporal lobe encephalitis
157
The mesolimbic pathway (reward pathway) is stimulated by things like _
The mesolimbic pathway (reward pathway) is stimulated by things like **food, drink, sex, ethanol, cocaine, amphetaminesm opiates, nicotine**
* Over time the nucleus accumbens can become desensitized
158
Thalamus
159
Thalamus
160
