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Embryology Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

When is the pre-embryonic period

A

first two weeks of development

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2
Q

What are the three stages in pre embryonic development

A

1) cleavage
2) compaction
3) implantation

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3
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur

A

ampulla of fallopian tube

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4
Q

describe the process of fertilisation

A
  • oocyte released from ovary
  • travels along fallopian tube
  • fertilised by sperm in ampulla becomes a zygote
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5
Q

where is the idea site for implantation

A

posterior uterine wall

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6
Q

what occurs in week one

A

cleavage

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7
Q

What is cleavage and when does it occur

A

divisions without growth as cannot grow due to zona pellucida
day 2

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8
Q

After the cleavage what are the cells known as

A

blastomeres

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9
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

a glycoprotein shell around the zygote to prevent polyspermy and provide the growing zygote with nutrients

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10
Q

what is the cell known as after cleavage and when is it formed

A

the morula
Day 3

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11
Q

what are the cells in the morula
pluri,toti or multi

A

totipotent

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12
Q

When does compaction occur

A

after third cleavage
Day 4

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13
Q

What is compaction

A

segregation of inner and outer cells and formation of first cavity

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14
Q

What is the first cavity known as

A

blastoceole/ blastocyst cavity

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15
Q

When is the blastocyst formed

A

after compaction when the first cavity forms

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16
Q

What are the inner cells called in the blastocyst

A

embryoblast

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17
Q

what are the outer cells in a blastocyst called

A

trophoblast

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18
Q

What do embryoblast cells become

A

the embryo itself
- bilaminar disk

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19
Q

What do trophoblast cells become

A

placenta

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20
Q

what happens after compaction

A

hatching

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21
Q

what is hatching and when does it occur

A

blastocyst hatches from zona pellucida
free to enlarge and implant
Day 5

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22
Q

what occurs after hatching

A

implantation
Day 6-7

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23
Q

what occurs in week 2

A

differentiation

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24
Q

what two layers emerge from the outer cell layers

A
  • synchtiotrophoblast
  • cytotrophoblast
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25
what does the inner cell mass become
bilaminar disk - epiblast - hypoblast
26
what is the cavity above the epiblast called
amniotic cavity
27
what is the cavity below the hypoblast called
yolk sac
28
where does implantation occur
embedded within endometrium so is interstitial
29
why is implantation important
establishes maternal blood flow within placenta basic structural unit of materno fetal exchange (chorionic villus)
30
what are some conditions linked to implantation defects
inter-uterine growth restriction pre-eclampsia ectopic pregnancy placenta praevia
31
what is an ectopic pregnancy
where the embryo impants are any other site (commonly fallopian tube)
32
why can ectopic pregnancy become quickly life threatening
can quickly become life threatening as tube can burst and bleeding can occur which can be mistook as menstruation
33
what is placenta praevia
implantation in lower uterine segment causes placenta to grow over opening of cervix requires C section
34
what happens on week two day 9
- rapid development of syncytiotrophoblast forms lacunae (a cavity) - primitive yolk sac formed which is in contact with cytotrophoblast
35
what happens on week 2 day 11
- primitive yolk sac pushed away from cytotrophoblast by an acellular extraembryonic reticulum which is later converted to extraembryonic mesoderm
36
what happens on week 2 day 12
- maternal sinusoids invaded by syncytiotrophoblast in lacuna (form of a blood channel)
37
what happens on week 2 day 13
formation of secondary yolk sac pinches off primitive yolk sac
38
what happens on week 2 day 14
spaces within the extraembryonic mesoderm merge to form the chorionic cavity - embryo an cavities suspended by connecting stalk (future umbilical cord)
39
when is the embryonic period
week 3 to 8
40
what is gastrulation
formation of trilaminar disk
41
what is the primitive streak
a streak down the epiblast layer will turn into CNS
42
describe the process of gastrulation
- formation of primitive streak - mirgation and invagination - displacement of hypoblast and creation of third layer
43
what are the three layers of the trilaminar
- ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm
44
what cells derive from the ectoderm
organ structures that maintain contact with outside world e.g. nervous system epidermis
45
what cells derive from the mesoderm
supporting tissues e.g. muscles cartilage bone
46
what cells derive from the endoderm
internal structures e.g. GI respiratory tract
47
what does the ultimate fate of invaginating epiblasts depend on
where in the streak or node they invaginate
48
what is the notochord
solid rod of cells in the midline cells that migrate through cranial end of primitive
49
what does the notochord in neurulation
- converts overlying ectoderm to neurectoderm - signals ectoderm to thicken -edges of neural plate curl towards eachother creating neural tube
50
why do the buccopharyngeal and cloacal membranes have no mesoderm
buccopharyngeal: mouth opening cloacal: anus opening
51
what are the different layers of mesoderm
- paraxial mesoderm - intermediate mesoderm - somatic mesoderm - splanchnic mesoderm - intraembryonic coelom
52
what is the paraxial mesoderm
mesoderm around the neural tube that gives rise to somites
53
what are somites
form the vertebral column, ribs, muscles of the spines
54
what does the intermediate mesoderm form
kidneys
55
what does the most lateral part of the mesoderm split into
- somatic - splanchnic
56
what does the somatic layer form
forms diaphragm and limb muscles
57
what does the splanchnic layer form
muscle of heart and viscera
58
what does the intraembryonic coelom become
body cavities
59
what happens after somites form in a regular block around a small cavity
organised degeneration formation of the sclerotome of ventral wall of somites organisation of dorsal portion forms dermomyotome - myotome increases and migrates, dermatome disperses
60
what does the dermatome form
dermis
61
myotome
muscles
62
sclerotome
bones
63
how many somites are there
31
64
what does folding of the embryo achieve
- draws together the margins of the disk - creates ventral wall - pulls amniotic membrane around disk - embryo becomes suspended within the amnioti sac
65
what is the process of folding
- cephalocaudal folding (head to toe) - lateral folding

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