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Muscle Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three types of muscle

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
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2
Q

what type of muscle are skeletal and cardiac

A

striated

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3
Q

what type of muscle is smooth muscle

A

smooth

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4
Q

what are the features of skeletal muscle

A
  • Multinucleated
  • Fused cells
  • Attached to skeleton
  • Voluntary
  • Contains Myoglobin
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5
Q

what are the features of cardiac muscle

A
  • Heart only
  • Branched in structure
  • Uni- (or bi-) nucleated
  • Intercalated discs
  • Involuntary
  • Contains Myoglobin
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6
Q

what are the features of smooth muscle

A
  • Distinct cells
  • Spindle shaped
  • Wall of internal organs
  • Involuntary
  • No Myoglobin
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7
Q

what is myalgia

A

muscle pain

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8
Q

what is myopathy

A

disease of the muscle

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9
Q

what is myasthenia

A

muscle weakness

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10
Q

what is myotonia

A

delayed muscle relaxation after contraction

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11
Q

what is myoclonus

A

sudden involuntary muscle spasm jerk

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12
Q

what is fasciculation

A

small local involuntary muscle spasm or jerk

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13
Q

what is rhabdomyolysis

A

muscle damage releasing proteins into bloodstream

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14
Q

what is dystrophy

A

abnormal muscle development

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15
Q

what is fibromyalgia

A

chronic disorder with widespread MSK pain

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16
Q

what is tendinitis

A

inflammation of a tendon

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17
Q

what is myoglobin and what is its role

A

globular protein similar to a single subunit of haemoglobin

role: storage and transport of oxygen

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18
Q

what are the functions of skeletal muscle

A

movement
posture
joint stability
heat generation

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19
Q

what are the three arrangements of skeletal muscle

A
  • parallel
  • pennate
  • circular
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20
Q

what are parallel muscles and give three types and examples

A
  • fibers run parallel to force generating axis
  • strap (sartorius)
  • fusiform (biceps branchii)
  • fan shaped ( pectoralis major)
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21
Q

what are pennate muscles and give three types and examples

A
  • one or more aponeuroses run through muscle from tendon
  • unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)
  • bipennate ( rectus femoris)
  • multipennate ( deltoid)
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22
Q

what are circular muscles and where are they found

A

act as sphincters to adjust opening
concentric fibres

found in skin, ligaments, fascia

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23
Q

what are the two types of muscle contraction

A
  • isotonic
  • isometric
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24
Q

what is isotonic contraction

A

constant tension variable length

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25
what are the types of isotonic contraction
- concentric: muscle shortens - eccentric: muscle exerts force while being extended
26
what is isometric contraction
constant length and variable tension
27
how do muscles generate force
an only generate force by contracting (shorten) meaning they pull cannot push
28
what is the sarcloemma
plasma membrane
29
what is the sarcoplasm
cytoplasm
30
what is the sarcomere
unit of contraction
31
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum
SER
32
what is the transverse tubule (T-tubule)
deep invagination of sarcolemma
33
what is the triad in muscles
two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and one T-tubule
34
what is a fascicle
bundle of muscle fibres
35
what is the endomysium
connective tissue that wraps between the fibres to connect fascicles together
36
what is the perimysium
connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
37
what is the epimysium
surrounds entire muscle by connecting each fascicle bundle together
38
where are the nuclei in skeletal muscle
peripheral
39
why would nuclei be found centrally in skeletal muscle
muscle damage
40
what are the components of sarcomere bands
I band Z disc A band M band
41
what are myofibrils
long cylindrical organelles that are fundamental contractile elements of both skeletal and cardiac muscle composed of repeating units called sarcomeres
42
what are the three types of muscle fibres
slow type I fast type IIA fast type IIX
43
compare muscle fibers in terms of myoglobin levels
type I and type IIA: high type IIX: low
43
compare muscle fibers in terms of energy production
type I and type II A: aerobic type IIX: anaerobic glycolysis
44
compare muscle fibers in terms of colour
type I and IIA: red type IIX: white
45
compare muscle fibers in terms of capillary supply
type I and IIA: rich type IIX: poor
46
compare muscle fibers in terms of mitochondria
type I and IIA: many type IIX: few
47
compare muscle fibers in terms of fatigue resistance
type I: high type IIA: moderate type IIX: low
48
what are intercalated disks and where are they found
- they form lines of communication between myocytes by acting as a functional syncytium made up of desmosomes and gap junctions in cardiac muscle
49
what is a syncytial tissue? what does a functional syncytium mean (compare to true) and where is one found
- cells containing several nuclei formed by fusion to form one multi-nucleated cell - functional is many cells working together not true as not one cell
50
give features of cardiac muscle
- central nuclei - branching - intercalate disks - striations
51
where is smooth muscle found
contractile walls
52
give features of smooth muscle
- single central nucleus - slow and sustained contractions - wide distribution - influenced by ANS - thick and thin filaments
53
what are dense bodies and where are they found
what actin filaments attach to found in smooth muscle
54
what are the 2 functional categories of smooth muscle
- single unit: many gap junctions allows cells to act as single unit - multiunit: smooth muscles contract and relax individually, contraction not transmitted but remains in that particular muscle cells
55
what are caveolae
membrane invaginations
56
what are connexons and what are they made of
form a continuous channel for ions to pass made from connexins
57
give an example of smooth muscle
small intestine outer: longitudinal inner: circular
58
how are smooth muscle cells innervated
by autonomic nervous system
59
how can muscles become damaged
mechanical stress toxins inflammation ischaemia
60
how does smooth muscle respond to injury
undergoing mitosis to maintain or increase numbers
61
what is the difference between cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle in terms of division
cardiac considered incapable of regen but new ev suggests fibroblasts invade and divide skeletal muscle cannot divide muscle fibers regenerate by mitotic activity of satellite cells (muscle stem cells) fusing with damaged fibers whereas smooth can undergo mitosis
62
how does skeletal muscle grow
hypertrophy (existing cells grow not addition of new cells)
63
what is the sliding filament theory
the actin fibers on the I band slide between myosin in the A band I band shortens A band remains same length
64
what are myofilaments made up of
thin and thick filaments
65
what are thick myofilaments made from describe the structure
myosin II molecules a helix (co-assembly with others to form thick filaments) two heads of heavy chain myosin (regulatory light, alkali light) hinge region tail region
66
what are thin myofilaments made from
actin in complex with troponin and tropomyosin
67
describe the structure of thin myofilaments
actin troponin complex (TnT, TnC, TnI) myosin binding site Calcium bound to troponin complex
68
how is force generated in muscle filaments
cross bridges between myosin and actin
69
what is TnT
tropomyosin binding site
70
what is TnC
calcium binding site
71
what is tropomyosin
occludes myosin binding site
72
what is TnI
inhibition site of calcium binding
73
describe the sliding filament theory process
- The myosin heads form a cross bridge with the actin filament. - The attached heads pull on the actin filament through a form of relaxation (passive movement). - ATP attaches to the myosin head, and this breaks the bond with the actin filament. - The ATP hydrolyses and ‘cocks’ the myosin head back to the starting position (active movement).
74
how does calcium regulate muscle contraction
- low calcium: resting state - high calcium: binds to TnC to expose myosin binding site so cross bridges can be formed
75
what are T-tubules
tubular invaginations of the sarcolemma - filled with extracellular fluid
76
what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do
forms a network of calcium stores in close proximity to myofibrils and T-tubules
77
what is the triad in muscles
SR - T tubule - SR
78
what and where are the voltage sensor proteins found in muscles
DHPR (dihydropyridine receptors) voltage sensors in T-tubule RYR (ryanodine receptors) are calcium release channels in the SR
79
what is a motor unit
1 a motor neuron an every muscle fibre it innervates
80
describe the first event of muscle contraction
1) initiation: AP travels along motor neuron and arrives at neuromuscular junction
81
describe the second event of muscle contraction
2) impulse prompts release of acetylcholine into synapse binds to nicotinic receptor sites, opens VG sodium channels and causes depolarisation of sarcolemma
82
describe the third event of muscle contraction
3) VG sodium channels open and sodium ions enter cell
83
describe the fourth event of muscle contraction
4) depol spreads over sarcolemma
84
describe the fifth event of muscle contraction
voltage sensor proteins in T tubule membrane change confirmation
85
describe the sixth event of muscle contraction
gated calcium ion channels adjacent to SR are activated by step 5
86
describe the seventh event of muscle contraction
Calcium ions rapidly released into sarcoplasm
87
describe the eigth event of muscle contraction
calcium binds to TnC sub uint of troponin
88
describe the ninth event of muscle contraction
muscle fibres shorten
89
describe the tenth event of muscle contraction
calcium returns to SR and fibers relax
90
how is the force of contraction determined
rate of neural stimulation motor unit recruitment
91
what is ptosis
droopy eyelid often asymmetrical
92
how is myasthenia gravis caused
- autoimmune - antibodies directed against Ach receptor so reduced amount of Ach receptors so endplate invaginations reduced so reduced synaptic transmission
93
where do skeletal muscles originate
bone, typically proximal
94
where are muscle intertions
where muscle attaches to distal moved by contraction bone, tendon, connective tissue
95
what are agonists
prime moves
96
what are antagonists
oppose prime movers
97
what are synergists
assists prime movers
98
what are neutralisers
prevent unwanted actions that agonist can perform
99
what are fixators
hold body part immobile while another body part moves
100
what is a first class lever
see-saw load-fulcrum-effort example: neck extension
101
what is a second class lever
wheelbarrow fulcum-load-effort example: calf in leg
102
what is a third class lever
fishing rod load- effort- fulcrum example: biceps
103
what are muscle compartments
muscles with similar actions grouped together based on location surrounded by thick dense fascia
104
what is compartment syndrome
trauma in one compartment could cause internal bleeding which exerts pressure on blood vessels and nerves - fascia cant stretch and closes blood vessels
105
how is compartment syndrome treated
treated by fasciotomy
106
what is muscle tone regulated by
motor neuron activity muscle elasticity use gravity
107
how does muscle hypertrophy work
- myonuclei numbers increase - more nuclei increases protein synth so more actin and myosin, myofibrils
108
what is atrophy
more destruction than replacement
109
how is the cardiac muscle innervated
autonomic nervous system
110
how is muscle contraction regulated
phosphorylation regulatory proteins of myosin - calmodium (CaM) binds with calcium and binds to myosin light chain kinase which activates myosin by phosphorylating it - inactivated by myosin phosphatase to inactive form
111

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