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MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) > Embryology 2 - Fertilization to Implantation > Flashcards

Embryology 2 - Fertilization to Implantation Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Our body froms from cells found in the ___.

A

Blastocyst

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2
Q

What are the Main Events during Preimplantation (3)?

A
  • Mitosis to increase cell number
  • Blastocyst morphogenesis
  • Blastocyst hatching
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3
Q

Blastocyst consists what two cell types?

A
  • Trophectoderm (TE)
    • epitheliumof blastocyst
  • Inner Cell Mass
    • pluripotent
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4
Q

What does Totipotent mean?

A

Capable of producing all cell types (i.e. embryonic and extraembryonic)

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5
Q

What does Pluripotent mean?

A

Capable of producing cell types only of the body

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6
Q

What does Differentiated mean?

A

Mature cell type in adult body

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7
Q

What is Molar Pregnancy?

A
  • Blastocyst is made up of only trophectoderm and is missing the ICM
  • TE forms chorionic villi continuously, resulting in hyatidiform mole or molar tissue, which becomes cystic
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8
Q

What are some symptoms of Molar Pregnancy (6)?

A
  • No fetus detected by ultrasound
  • Abnormally high hCG level in blood test
  • Enlarged uterus
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Hypertension
  • Edema
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9
Q

What are the Pluripotency Genes in ICM?

A
  • Oct4 (Pou5f1)
  • Nanog
  • Sox2
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10
Q

What is Aneuploidy?

A

Abnormal number of chromosomes

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11
Q

Percentage of pregnancies that end in miscarriage before the 20th week?

A

50

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12
Q

Aneuploidy is caused by ___.

A

Meiotic nondisjunction

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13
Q

What is Meiotic Nondisjunction?

A

the unequal allocation of chromosomes in egg or sperm

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14
Q

What is the main risk factor for meiotic nondisjunction?

A
  • Advanced Maternal Age
    • oocytes arrest in prophase (before 1st meiotic division) in the fetus
    • stage of arrest might not be ideal to protect oocyte from environmental insult
    • meiosis resumes at puberty, just before ovulation and completes at fertilization
    • oocytes arrested for 40 years might be prone to damage that interferes with meiosis
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15
Q

What syndrome is caused by Trisomy 21 and what are some of its symptoms?

A

Down Syndrome

  • Mental retardation
  • Flat faces
  • Slanting Eyes
  • Small ears
  • Growth retardation
  • Heart defects
  • 1:2,000 women <25 years old
  • 1:100 in women >40 years old
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16
Q

What is the syndrome caused by Trisomy 18 and what are some of its symptoms?

A

Edwards Syndrome

  • Mental retardation
  • Skeletal defects
  • Small jaw
  • Low set ears
  • Heart defects
  • Kidney defects
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17
Q

What is the syndrome caused by Trisomy 13 and what are some of its symptoms?

A

Patau Syndrome

  • Mental retardation
  • Holoprosencephaly
  • Eye defects
  • Cleft lip & palate
  • Heart defects
  • Extra digits
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18
Q

What is Turner Syndrome and what are some of its symptoms?

A

XO or X monosomy

  • Female appearance
  • No ovaries,
  • Short stature
  • Webbed neck
  • Braod chest
  • Skeletal deformities
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19
Q

What is Klinefelter Syndrome and what are some of its symptoms?

A

XXY

  • Tall and slim
  • Enlarged breasts
  • Broad pelvis
  • Less body hair
  • Infertile
  • Testicular atrophy
  • Learning difficulties
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20
Q

What are some Female Factors Contributing to Infertility (3)?

A
  • Most common are problems with ovulation, advanced age, or blocked tubes
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21
Q

What are some Male Factors Contributing to Infertility (3)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Most common are low sperm count, low sperm motility, abnormal morphology
22
Q

What is Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Used to select the embryos with normal chromosome or genetic make-up for transfer to the uterus
23
Q

What are the Pituitary Hormones (Names and Function)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Follicle maturation and ovulation

Hormone production by follicles

24
Q

What are the Ovarian Hormones (Names and Function)?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone

Regulate endometrial cycle

25
When fertilization does not occur, what happens?
* Egg is released but sperm is absent * Endometrial lining degenerates
26
What are the Hormones Involved in Maintenance of Endometrial Lining in Pregnancy?
27
What is the Alteration of Hormones by Abortion Pill RU-486?
* Causes endometrial degeneration by binding to progesterone receptor and preventing progesterone action
28
What is the Alteration of Hormones by Birth Control Pills?
Contain progesterone and estrogen, which inhibit ovulation by preventing FSH and LH release
29
What is the Alteration of Hormones by the "Morning After Pill"?
Contains higher dose of birth control pill, delays ovulation and prevents sperm from reaching egg (which takes 5-6 days)
30
At implantation, trophectoderm differentiates what two types of cells?
* Cytotrophoblast * Syncytiotrophoblast
31
What are Syncytiotrophoblasts and what do they do?
Invasive cells that migrate into endometrium and pull blastocyst in * produce hCG * engulf maternal blood vessels to establish uteroplacental circulation
32
What is Placenta previa?
premature placenta detachment and hemorrhaging
33
What is the normal implantation site?
Anterior or Posterior wall of the uterus
34
What are some Possible Causes of Ectopic Pregnancy (3)?
* Scarring from pelvic inflammatory disease * Endometriosis * Prior surgery
35
What are some Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy (4)?
* overdue menstruation * vaginal bleeding * lower abdominal pain one side * low hCG level in blood test
36
What does the Chorionic Villus do?
site of maternal-fetal exchange
37
When does the Primary stem villus develop?
* Develops day 11-13
38
When does the secondary stem villus develop?
* Develops day 16 * Trophoblast layers grow and enclose lacunae (space filled with maternal blood)
39
When and how does the tertiary stem villus develop?
* Develops day 21 * Villus forms barrier between maternal and fetal blood flow * Fetal blood vessesl form from mesoderm core of villus
40
What is the Function of the Placenta?
Does job of the lung (gas exchange) and kidney (waste removal)
41
What are some Substances that Pass from Fetus to Mother through Chorionic Villi (7)?
* CO2 * Water, electrolytes * Urea, uric acid * Creatine * Bilirubin * Hormones * Red blood cell antigens
42
What are some Substances that can pass from mother to fetus through Chorionic Villi (9)?
* O2 * Water, electrolytes * Nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids) * Hormones * Antibodies * Vitamins * Iron, trace elements * Drugs * Toxic substances (alcohol, some viruses)
43
What is Erythroblastosis fetalis?
* Condition caused by maternal antibodies passing to the fetus via the placenta
44
What happens after separation of Embryo from Uterine Wall?
Chorioamnionic membrane will form around the developing body
45
What is the Function of the Amnionic Sac?
Provides space for fetus to grow in
46
What is the Function of Amniotic Fluid?
Suspends fetus in sac and also acts as shock absorbant
47
What is the Definition of Ultrasonography and how is it used in pregnancy?
* High frequency waves applied to abdominopelivc area and reflected from tissues to create images * Used to monitor growth parameters of embryo/fetus and to manage high risk pregnancies
48
What is Maternal Serum Screening?
* Blood test to analyze serum for biochemical markers * Low AFP level: chromosome aneuploidy * High AFP level: body abnormality
49
What is Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) analysis?
DNA fragments from trophoblasts analyzed for blood type, specific genetic disorders, and aneuploidy
50
What is Amniocentesis and when can it be performed?
Amniotic fluid contains biochemical markers and fetal cells for genetic or chromosome analysis Done when fetus reaches 14 weeks
51
What is Chorionic Villus Sampling and when can it be performed?
Villus sample contains lots of cells used for immediate genetic analysis Can be done earlir than amniocentesis (at 7 weeks)

MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) (7 decks)

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