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MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) > Embryology 6 - Neurulation > Flashcards

Embryology 6 - Neurulation Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

includes ______ & ______

A

Brain

& Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

includes ____ & _____

A

Sensory-somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A
  • Endoderm (innermost-yellow)
  • Mesoderm (middle-red)
  • Enctoderm (outermost-blue)
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4
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A
  • GI tract (inner lining)
  • GI-linked organs (liver, pancreas)
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5
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A
  • Anything between ecto & endo
  • e.g. muscle, bone, blood, kidney
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6
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A 
* Skin (epidermis)
 Nervous system (neuron, glia)
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7
Q

During the 3rd week of development,

the ectoderm cranial to the node becomes

_________________

A

Neural plate

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8
Q

The neural plate gives rise to

____ & ____

A

Neural tube

&

Neural crest

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9
Q

The neural crest detaches & migrates/scatters

from edge of neural plate to become _____

A

the PNS

(green-neural crest)

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10
Q

The neural tube gives rise to _____

A

the CNS

(Brain & spinal cord)

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11
Q

The mesoderm surrounds the neural tube

& forms ______

A

Vertebrae

(mesoderm in red)

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12
Q

Neural Tube Defect (NTD)

is caused by _______

A

failure in neural tube and/or vertebra closure

  • Common birth defects (1 in 1,000)

Normal closure of both neural tube (NT) & Sclerotome shown in pic

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13
Q

Two types of Neural Tube Defects (NTD)

A
  1. Closed NTD
  2. Open NTD
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14
Q

Spina bifida occulta

(Closed NTD)

A
  • Vertebra fail to fuse (NT still in place)
  • Mostly asymptomatic
  • Typically at L5-S1 levels
  • **Often marked by patch of hair over affected area
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15
Q

Spina bifida cystica

(Closed NTD)

A
  • NT herniates from unclosed vertebra
  • Causes neurological deficits
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16
Q

Two types of Spina bifida cystica

A
  1. Meningocele
  2. Meningomyelocele (more severe)
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17
Q

Open NTD

A
  • Neural plate fails to close
  • Neurons exposed to amniotic fluid –> Necrosis
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18
Q

Anencephaly

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A
  • Due to anterior neuropore closure (future forebrain) failure
  • May be born alive (brain stem still intact)
19
Q

Intake of _______ can prevent NTD

Study These Flashcards
A

Folic acid

  • Daily intake of FA by mothers reduces NTD by ~70%
  • 400 mcg/day recommended for women of reproductive age
  • Mechanisms not fully understood
20
Q

Neuroepithelial cell generates _____ & _____

Study These Flashcards
A

neuron & glia

21
Q

Layers of Neural Tube (NT)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Marginal layer
  2. Mantle layer
  3. Neuroepithelial layer
22
Q

White matter vs. Gray matter

Study These Flashcards
A

White matter - most cell axons located here

Gray matter - most cell bodies located here

23
Q

Dorsal-ventral differentiation of NT

Study These Flashcards
A

Dorsal –> Alar plate –> Sensory input

Ventral –> Basal plate –> Motor output

24
Q

Spinal nerve contains both

____ & ____ neurons

Study These Flashcards
A

Sensory & motor

25
Dorsal root ganglia | (neural crest)
Receives sensory signals from peripheral/neural tube
26
Intervetebral opening
Where the spinal nerve exits away from the CNS
27
\_\_\_\_\_ of spinal cord shifts relative to vertebra
Terminal end
28
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ grows much faster than spinal cord
Vetebral column (and dura)
29
Intervetebral opening CAN or CAN'T change location?
CAN'T change location. BUT, the length of the spinal nerves can increase/change. Lower part of spinal cord has longer axon extensions that extend lower down vetebral column.
30
End of spinal cord at birth?
L3
31
Cauda equina
L4-S4 (Where lumbar puncture occurs to avoid damaging neural tissue)
32
Tethered cord syndrome
**Abnormal attachment** of spinal cord to vetebra Results in **downward stretch of spinal cord** (Often caused by _spina bifida_) Neurological symptoms: weakness in legs, low back pain, incontinence
33
Brain is derived from ______ end of neural tube
Cranial
34
Telencephalon
* Most cranial * Precursor to cerebral hemisphere * Enlarges the most, covers entire brain
35
Diencephalon
Protrudes into retina
36
Holoprosencephaly (HPE)
Brain & face abnormalities due to **loss of midline structures** Causes: 1. Mutation in **Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene** 2. Defective **cholesterol biosynthesis** (Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome)
37
Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling
Signal-sending cell --\> SHH protein combines with cholesterol --\> SHH receptors on Signal-receiving cell (PTCH/SMO) --\> activates transcription factor for turning on/off genes
38
Neural crest --\> \_\_\_\_\_
PNS (e.g. Melanocytes, enteric ganglia, Meninges, Schwann cells, Chromaffin cells)
39
Neural crest from **cranial** region --\> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Facial bones Middle ear bones Parafollicular cells of thyroid Dermis of skin Connective tissues around eyes, muscles of iris, cornea
40
Dermis, bones, connective tissues, muscle in the **trunk** are from \_\_\_\_\_
MESODERM
41
Neurocristopathy
Disease arising from abnormal development of neural crest
42
Hirschsprung's Disease | (Aganglionic megacolon)
Cause: Deficiency of enteric ganglia (neural crest derivatives) Pathophys: Blockage of colon due to impaired peristalsis Signs/symptoms: Constipation, vomiting, abdonminal swelling, growth retardation (Observed 1-2 days after birth.. unable to poop!) Treatment: surgical removal of affected region of colon
43
DiGeorge Syndrome (Velocardiofacial syndrome, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
Hearing loss, heart defects, cleft palate, craniofacial anomalies, and learning problems
44
How do you know which tissues came from neural crest?
Classic experiments: **Chick-qual chimera** (1970s) Implanted part of neural crest of quail into chick embryo & observed development. Quail cells stain differently from chick cells

MD 1 Embryology (MCQ) (7 decks)

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