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BMS150 Midterm 2 > Embryology 2 - Neurulation, Folding, and Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Embryology 2 - Neurulation, Folding, and Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Roles of the Norochord?

A
  1. Establishes longitudinal axis and gives embryo rigidity
  2. Signals for MSK and CNS development
  3. Contributes to IV discs
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2
Q

What type of cells dive into primitive pit to develop notochord?

A

Mesenchymal cells

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3
Q

What forms when mesenchymal cells dive into primitive pit?

A

Notochordal process

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4
Q

When the notochordal process develops a lumen, what is it then called?

A

Notochordal canal

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5
Q

After the notochordal process approaches the prechordal plate, the floor of the notochordal process “fuses” with the endoderm and is called what?

A

Notochordal plate

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6
Q

Is there a canal present when the notochord is fully developed?

A

No canal present

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7
Q

Notochordal plate -> notochord transition starts _____ and progresses ______

A

Cranially; caudally

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8
Q

The notochord and its preceding structures are important what?

A

Organizers

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9
Q

What does the notochord not go beyond?

A

The prechordal plate

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10
Q

What does the pre-chordal plate develop into?

A

The oropharyngeal membrane two layer memb

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11
Q

What forms at the caudal aspect of the primitive streak? What is it the future site of?

A

Cloacal membrane two later memb. Future site of anus

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12
Q

Small, vascularized diverticulum (outpouching) from the caudal wall of umbilical vesicle, extending into connecting stalk

A

Allantois

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13
Q

What is the function of the allantois?

A

Early blood formation and bladder development

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14
Q

What is formed (overall) by neuralation?

A

Neural tube

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15
Q

First step of neuralation?

A

Notochord => neural plate

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16
Q

What does invagination of the neural plate form?

A

Neural groove with neural folds on either side

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17
Q

What forms when the neural folds fuse together?

A

Neural tube

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18
Q

What is the neural tube the primordium of?

A

CNS

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19
Q

When is neurulation complete?

A

By the end of week 4

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20
Q

What are the neural crest cells derivatives of?

A

Many structures of the PNS (mainly ganglia)

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21
Q

What is the intraembryonic mesoderm on either side of the notochord called?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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22
Q

Cuboidal masses of mesoderm on wither side of the notochord, visible along the dorsolateral surface of the embryo on each side of the neural tube?

A

Somites

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23
Q

What forms somites?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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24
Q

What do somites give rise to?

A

Most of the axial skeleton and associated musculature + dermis in those areas

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25
What do the mesenchymal cells that migrate anteriorly (lateral to the notochordal process) form? What does this give rise to?
Cardiogenic mesoderm. Gives rise to embryonic heart primordia
26
What do the primordium of intraembryonic coelom (embryonic body cavity) appear as?
Isolates spaces in the lateral and cardiogenic mesoderm
27
What does the intraembryonic coelom divide the lateral mesoderm into?
Two layers: 1. Somatic layer = continuous with mesoderm covering amnion 2. Splanchnic layer = continuous with mesoderm covering umbilical vesicle
28
What day do the coelomic spaces form a continuous cavity?
approx. day 21
29
What are the three general structures that can be seen in the region of the lateral mesoderm?
1. Somatopleure 2. Splanchnopleure 3. Intraembryonic coelom
30
What is somatopleure?
Somatic mesoderm and overlying ectoderm - forms the body wall
31
What is the splanchnopleure?
Splanchnic mesoderm and underlying intraembryonic endoderm - forms embryonic gut
32
What are the 3 main cavities that the intraembryonic coelom develops into in the second month?
1. Pericardial cavity 2. Pleural cavity 3. Peritoneal cavity
33
When does embryonic folding begin?
End of the third week
34
As the embryo folds cranially ______ begin to appear
Brain vesicles
35
As the embryo folds laterally ____ is formed
Body wall
36
In cranial folding, part of the umbilical vesicle is incorporated into the embryo as what?
The foregut
37
What does the foregut lie between?
Brain and heart
38
What separates the foregut from the stomoderum?
The oropharyngeal membrane
39
What is the stomodeum?
The primordium of the mouth
40
What structure lies caudal to the heart? What does it develop into?
Septum transversum - becomes the central tendon of the diaphragm
41
The head fold moves the heart to the _____ surface of the embryo
Ventral
42
During tail folding, part of the endodermal germ layer is incorporated into the embryo as what?
The hindgut
43
In tail folding, the connecting stalk is now attached to the _____ surface, and the allantois is partially ________
Ventral; incorporated into the embryo
44
What causes lateral folding?
Rapidly growing spinal cord and somites
45
As the abdominal walls form, part of the endoderm germ layer is incorporated into the embryo as what?
The midgut
46
After lateral folding, the connection between the midgut and umbilical vesicle is narrowed to what structure?
Omphaloenteric duct
47
Ectoderm theme?
- CNS, PNS - Epidermis = structure (skin, nails) - Neural crest cells
48
Endoderm theme?
- Epithelial linings of most structures in the body - Thyroid and parathyroid glands
49
Mesoderm theme?
- Everything else
50
At day 22, the cranial 2/3 of the neural tube forms the ______, and the caudal 1/3 forms the ______
brain; spinal cord
51
The first layer of the spinal cord that gives rise to all of the neurons and macroglia?
Ventricular zone
52
What does the intermediate zone of the neural tube become populated with?
Primordial neuroblasts derived from the ventricular zone
53
What does the outer marginal zone of the neural tube give rise to?
White matter tracts
54
What happens when the neuroepithelial cells cease producing neuroblasts and glioblasts?
They differentiate into ependymal cells
55
What do ependymal cells make?
CSF
56
What are formed by sites of rapid growth of the neuroepithelium?
Alar and basal plates
57
What separates the alar and basal plates?
Sulcus limitans
58
Cell bodies in the alar plates form _____
Dorsal grey horns (afferent)
59
Cell bodies in the basal plates form ______
Ventral and lateral grey horns
60
What are the unipolar neurons in the spinal ganglia derived from?
Neural crest cells
61
What does mesenchyme surrounding the spinal cord form?
Meninges
62
Derivatives of neuroepithelium?
Neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma
63
3 primary brain vesicles?
1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) 2. Mesencephalon (midbrain) 3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
64
During week 5, what does the prosencephalon partially divide into?
Telencephalon and diencephalon
65
During week 5, what does the rhombencephalon partially divide into?
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
66
As the rostral neuropore closes, what forms? What do they give rise to?
Two lateral outgrowths (optic vesicles) Primordial retina and optic nerves
67
Diverticula that arise more dorsally and laterally? What do they give rise to?
Telencephalic vesicles Primordial cerebral hemispheres

BMS150 Midterm 2 (14 decks)

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